SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Host Response, Immunity, and Therapeutic Targets

Overview

Journal Inflammation

Specialties Allergy & Immunology
Pathology

Date 2022 Mar 23

PMID 35320469

Authors

Pooja Shivshankar

Harry Karmouty-Quintana

Tingting Mills

Marie-Francoise Doursout

Yanyu Wang

Agnieszka K Czopik

Scott E Evans

Holger K Eltzschig

Xiaoyi Yuan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a global pandemic with severe socioeconomic effects. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells triggers host inflammatory pathways that lead to pathophysiological changes. Proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in alveolar epithelial cells counter barrier disruption, modulate host innate immune response to induce chemotaxis, and initiate the resolution of inflammation. Here, we discuss experimental models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection, molecular pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, and viral hijacking of anti-inflammatory pathways, such as delayed type-I IFN response. Mechanisms of alveolar adaptation to hypoxia, adenosinergic signaling, and regulatory microRNAs are discussed as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

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