Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes

Overview

Journal Eur Respir J

Specialty Pulmonary Medicine

Date 2021 Oct 20

PMID 34667060

Citations 157

Authors

Helen K Reddel

Leonard B Bacharier

Eric D Bateman

Christopher E Brightling

Guy G Brusselle

Roland Buhl

Alvaro A Cruz

Liesbeth Duijts

Jeffrey M Drazen

J Mark FitzGerald

Louise J Fleming

Hiromasa Inoue

Fanny W Ko

Jerry A Krishnan

Mark L Levy

Jiangtao Lin

Kevin Mortimer

Paulo M Pitrez

Aziz Sheikh

Arzu A Yorgancioglu

Louis-Philippe Boulet

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Citing Articles

HRR as a predictor of lung health: insights from the NHANES database.

Zhou J, Du W, Huang H, Chen Y, Li H, Chen L Front Med (Lausanne). 2025; 12:1503142.

PMID: 40066171 PMC: 11891021. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1503142.

Call for the alignment of Medicare Part D formularies with clinical treatment guidelines for asthma.

Lao A, McNamara A, Chan L, Smith D J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2025; 31(2):200-204.

PMID: 39912816 PMC: 11852788. DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2025.31.2.200.

Roads to remission: evolving treatment concepts in type 2 inflammatory diseases.

Lommatzsch M, Blumchen K, Beck L, Bousquet J, Brusselle G, Fokkens W EClinicalMedicine. 2025; 80:103050.

PMID: 39867971 PMC: 11764424. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103050.

CEACAM5 exacerbates asthma by inducing ferroptosis and autophagy in airway epithelial cells through the JAK/STAT6-dependent pathway.

Liu S, Chen L, Shang Y Redox Rep. 2025; 30(1):2444755.

PMID: 39844719 PMC: 11758806. DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2444755.

The effect of allergic rhinitis treatment on asthma control: a systematic review.

Tameeris E, Bohnen A, Bindels P, Elshout G NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2025; 35(1):4.

PMID: 39824842 PMC: 11748716. DOI: 10.1038/s41533-024-00408-4.

References

Sobieraj D, Weeda E, Nguyen E, Coleman C, White C, Lazarus S . Association of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-Acting β-Agonists as Controller and Quick Relief Therapy With Exacerbations and Symptom Control in Persistent Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018; 319(14):1485-1496. PMC: 5876810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.2769. View

Murphy V, Gibson P . Asthma in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011; 32(1):93-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2010.10.001. View

Buhl R, Kuna P, Peters M, Andersson T, Naya I, Peterson S . The effect of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy on the risk of severe asthma exacerbations following episodes of high reliever use: an exploratory analysis of two randomised, controlled studies with comparisons to standard.... Respir Res. 2012; 13:59. PMC: 3561645. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-59. View

OByrne P, Pedersen S, Lamm C, Tan W, Busse W . Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 179(1):19-24. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1126OC. View

Lefebvre P, Duh M, Lafeuille M, Gozalo L, Desai U, Robitaille M . Acute and chronic systemic corticosteroid-related complications in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 136(6):1488-1495. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.046. View

Parsons J, Hallstrand T, Mastronarde J, Kaminsky D, Rundell K, Hull J . An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 187(9):1016-27. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST. View

Stanford R, Shah M, DSouza A, Dhamane A, Schatz M . Short-acting β-agonist use and its ability to predict future asthma-related outcomes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012; 109(6):403-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.08.014. View

Perrin K, Wijesinghe M, Healy B, Wadsworth K, Bowditch R, Bibby S . Randomised controlled trial of high concentration versus titrated oxygen therapy in severe exacerbations of asthma. Thorax. 2011; 66(11):937-41. DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.155259. View

McKeever T, Mortimer K, Wilson A, Walker S, Brightling C, Skeggs A . Quadrupling Inhaled Glucocorticoid Dose to Abort Asthma Exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(10):902-910. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714257. View

10.

Bateman E, Reddel H, OByrne P, Barnes P, Zhong N, Keen C . As-Needed Budesonide-Formoterol versus Maintenance Budesonide in Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(20):1877-1887. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715275. View

11.

Waljee A, Rogers M, Lin P, Singal A, Stein J, Marks R . Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017; 357:j1415. PMC: 6284230. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j1415. View

12.

Cockcroft D, McParland C, Britto S, Swystun V, Rutherford B . Regular inhaled salbutamol and airway responsiveness to allergen. Lancet. 1993; 342(8875):833-7. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92695-p. View

13.

OByrne P, FitzGerald J, Bateman E, Barnes P, Zhong N, Keen C . Inhaled Combined Budesonide-Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(20):1865-1876. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715274. View

14.

Schatz M, Kosinski M, Yarlas A, Hanlon J, Watson M, Jhingran P . The minimally important difference of the Asthma Control Test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124(4):719-23.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.053. View

15.

Calhoun W, Ameredes B, King T, Icitovic N, Bleecker E, Castro M . Comparison of physician-, biomarker-, and symptom-based strategies for adjustment of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adults with asthma: the BASALT randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012; 308(10):987-97. PMC: 3697088. DOI: 10.1001/2012.jama.10893. View

16.

Martinez F, Chinchilli V, Morgan W, Boehmer S, Lemanske Jr R, Mauger D . Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377(9766):650-7. PMC: 4852146. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62145-9. View

17.

Vogelmeier C, DUrzo A, Pauwels R, Merino J, Jaspal M, Boutet S . Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option?. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(5):819-28. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00028305. View

18.

Hiles S, McDonald V, Guilhermino M, Brusselle G, Gibson P . Does maintenance azithromycin reduce asthma exacerbations? An individual participant data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2019; 54(5). DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01381-2019. View

19.

Juniper E, Svensson K, Mork A, Stahl E . Measurement properties and interpretation of three shortened versions of the asthma control questionnaire. Respir Med. 2005; 99(5):553-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.10.008. View

20.

Pavord I, Holliday M, Reddel H, Braithwaite I, Ebmeier S, Hancox R . Predictive value of blood eosinophils and exhaled nitric oxide in adults with mild asthma: a prespecified subgroup analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(7):671-680. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30053-9. View