Photodiode Circuits for Retinal Prostheses

Overview

Journal IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst

Publisher IEEE

Specialties Biomedical Engineering
Biotechnology

Date 2013 Jul 16

PMID 23852178

Citations 16

Authors

J D Loudin

S F Cogan

K Mathieson

A Sher

D V Palanker

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Photodiode circuits show promise for the development of high-resolution retinal prostheses. While several of these systems have been constructed and some even implanted in humans, existing descriptions of the complex optoelectronic interaction between light, photodiode, and the electrode/electrolyte load are limited. This study examines this interaction in depth with theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. Actively biased photoconductive and passive photovoltaic circuits are investigated, with the photovoltaic circuits consisting of one or more diodes connected in series, and the photoconductive circuits consisting of a single diode in series with a pulsed bias voltage. Circuit behavior and charge injection levels were markedly different for platinum and sputtered iridium-oxide film (SIROF) electrodes. Photovoltaic circuits were able to deliver 0.038 mC/cm(2) (0.75 nC/phase) per photodiode with 50- μm platinum electrodes, and 0.54-mC/cm(2) (11 nC/phase) per photodiode with 50-μ m SIROF electrodes driven with 0.5-ms pulses of light at 25 Hz. The same pulses applied to photoconductive circuits with the same electrodes were able to deliver charge injections as high as 0.38 and 7.6 mC/cm(2) (7.5 and 150 nC/phase), respectively. We demonstrate photovoltaic stimulation of rabbit retina in-vitro, with 0.5-ms pulses of 905-nm light using peak irradiance of 1 mW/mm(2). Based on the experimental data, we derive electrochemical and optical safety limits for pixel density and charge injection in various circuits. While photoconductive circuits offer smaller pixels, photovoltaic systems do not require an external bias voltage. Both classes of circuits show promise for the development of high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prostheses.

Citing Articles

An Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Measure as an Independent Estimate of Retinal Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Paez-Escamilla M, Alabek M, Beale O, Prensky C, Lejoyeux R, Friberg T Diagnostics (Basel). 2023; 13(23).

PMID: 38066762 PMC: 10706660. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13233521.

Emerging trends in the development of flexible optrode arrays for electrophysiology.

Almasri R, Ladouceur F, Mawad D, Esrafilzadeh D, Firth J, Lehmann T APL Bioeng. 2023; 7(3):031503.

PMID: 37692375 PMC: 10491464. DOI: 10.1063/5.0153753.

PRIMA subretinal wireless photovoltaic microchip implantation in non-human primate and feline models.

K Muqit M, Hubschman J, Picaud S, McCreery D, van Meurs J, Hornig R PLoS One. 2020; 15(4):e0230713.

PMID: 32267845 PMC: 7141693. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230713.

Inorganic semiconductor biointerfaces.

Jiang Y, Tian B Nat Rev Mater. 2019; 3(12):473-490.

PMID: 31656635 PMC: 6815105. DOI: 10.1038/s41578-018-0062-3.

Advances in retinal prosthesis systems.

Bloch E, Luo Y, da Cruz L Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2019; 11:2515841418817501.

PMID: 30729233 PMC: 6350159. DOI: 10.1177/2515841418817501.

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