New Paradigms in Type 2 Immunity

Overview

Journal Science

Specialty Science

Date 2012 Jul 28

PMID 22837519

Citations 222

Authors

Bali Pulendran

David Artis

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Nearly half of the world's population harbors helminth infections or suffers from allergic disorders. A common feature of this population is the so-called "type 2 immune response," which confers protection against helminths, but also promotes pathologic responses associated with allergic inflammation. However, the mechanisms that initiate and control type 2 responses remain enigmatic. Recent advances have revealed a role for the innate immune system in orchestrating type 2 responses against a bewildering array of stimuli, from nanometer-sized allergens to 20-meter-long helminth parasites. Here, we review these advances and suggest that the human immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms of sensing such stimuli, from recognition of molecular patterns via innate immune receptors to detecting metabolic changes and tissue damage caused by these stimuli.

Citing Articles

Multiomics approaches disclose very-early molecular and cellular switches during insect-venom allergen-specific immunotherapy: an observational study.

Pogorelov D, Bode S, He X, Ramiro-Garcia J, Hedin F, Ammerlaan W Nat Commun. 2024; 15(1):10266.

PMID: 39592626 PMC: 11599746. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54684-2.

Epithelial barrier dysfunction and associated diseases in companion animals: Differences and similarities between humans and animals and research needs.

Ardicli S, Ardicli O, Yazici D, Pat Y, Babayev H, Xiong P Allergy. 2024; 79(12):3238-3268.

PMID: 39417247 PMC: 11657079. DOI: 10.1111/all.16343.

From Pathogenesis to Treatment: Targeting Type-2 Inflammation in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Barchi A, Mandarino F, Yacoub M, Albarello L, Massimino L, Savarino E Biomolecules. 2024; 14(9).

PMID: 39334846 PMC: 11429508. DOI: 10.3390/biom14091080.

Interleukin-33-activated basophils promote asthma by regulating Th2 cell entry into lung tissue.

Schuijs M, Gomez C, Bick F, Van Moorleghem J, Vanheerswynghels M, van Loo G J Exp Med. 2024; 221(12).

PMID: 39297875 PMC: 11413418. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20240103.

Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A new vision in the understanding of periodontal health and disease.

Breivik T, Gjermo P, Gundersen Y, Opstad P, Murison R, Hugoson A Periodontol 2000. 2024; 96(1):20-41.

PMID: 39233381 PMC: 11579829. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12610.

References

Everts B, Perona-Wright G, Smits H, Hokke C, van der Ham A, Fitzsimmons C . Omega-1, a glycoprotein secreted by Schistosoma mansoni eggs, drives Th2 responses. J Exp Med. 2009; 206(8):1673-80. PMC: 2722183. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082460. View

Josefowicz S, Niec R, Kim H, Treuting P, Chinen T, Zheng Y . Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal TH2 inflammation. Nature. 2012; 482(7385):395-9. PMC: 3485072. DOI: 10.1038/nature10772. View

Querec T, Akondy R, Lee E, Cao W, Nakaya H, Teuwen D . Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans. Nat Immunol. 2008; 10(1):116-125. PMC: 4049462. DOI: 10.1038/ni.1688. View

Schmidt M, Raghavan B, Muller V, Vogl T, Fejer G, Tchaptchet S . Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel. Nat Immunol. 2010; 11(9):814-9. DOI: 10.1038/ni.1919. View

Siracusa M, Saenz S, Hill D, Kim B, Headley M, Doering T . TSLP promotes interleukin-3-independent basophil haematopoiesis and type 2 inflammation. Nature. 2011; 477(7363):229-33. PMC: 3263308. DOI: 10.1038/nature10329. View

Sokol C, Chu N, Yu S, Nish S, Laufer T, Medzhitov R . Basophils function as antigen-presenting cells for an allergen-induced T helper type 2 response. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10(7):713-20. PMC: 3252751. DOI: 10.1038/ni.1738. View

Kouzaki H, OGrady S, Lawrence C, Kita H . Proteases induce production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by airway epithelial cells through protease-activated receptor-2. J Immunol. 2009; 183(2):1427-34. PMC: 2706924. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900904. View

Palm N, Rosenstein R, Medzhitov R . Allergic host defences. Nature. 2012; 484(7395):465-72. PMC: 3596087. DOI: 10.1038/nature11047. View

Soumelis V, Reche P, Kanzler H, Yuan W, Edward G, Homey B . Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol. 2002; 3(7):673-80. DOI: 10.1038/ni805. View

10.

Veldhoen M, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Helmby H, Westendorf A, Buer J . Transforming growth factor-beta 'reprograms' the differentiation of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9-producing subset. Nat Immunol. 2008; 9(12):1341-6. DOI: 10.1038/ni.1659. View

11.

Kool M, Willart M, van Nimwegen M, Bergen I, Pouliot P, Virchow J . An unexpected role for uric acid as an inducer of T helper 2 cell immunity to inhaled antigens and inflammatory mediator of allergic asthma. Immunity. 2011; 34(4):527-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.015. View

12.

Neill D, Wong S, Bellosi A, Flynn R, Daly M, Langford T . Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature. 2010; 464(7293):1367-70. PMC: 2862165. DOI: 10.1038/nature08900. View

13.

Briot A, Deraison C, Lacroix M, Bonnart C, Robin A, Besson C . Kallikrein 5 induces atopic dermatitis-like lesions through PAR2-mediated thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in Netherton syndrome. J Exp Med. 2009; 206(5):1135-47. PMC: 2715042. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082242. View

14.

Zheng Y, Chaudhry A, Kas A, deRoos P, Kim J, Chu T . Regulatory T-cell suppressor program co-opts transcription factor IRF4 to control T(H)2 responses. Nature. 2009; 458(7236):351-6. PMC: 2864791. DOI: 10.1038/nature07674. View

15.

Saenz S, Siracusa M, Perrigoue J, Spencer S, Urban Jr J, Tocker J . IL25 elicits a multipotent progenitor cell population that promotes T(H)2 cytokine responses. Nature. 2010; 464(7293):1362-6. PMC: 2861732. DOI: 10.1038/nature08901. View

16.

Ohnmacht C, Schwartz C, Panzer M, Schiedewitz I, Naumann R, Voehringer D . Basophils orchestrate chronic allergic dermatitis and protective immunity against helminths. Immunity. 2010; 33(3):364-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.011. View

17.

Yang D, Postnikov Y, Li Y, Tewary P, de la Rosa G, Wei F . High-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 acts as an alarmin and is critical for lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses. J Exp Med. 2011; 209(1):157-71. PMC: 3260868. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101354. View

18.

Paul W, Zhu J . How are T(H)2-type immune responses initiated and amplified?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10(4):225-35. PMC: 3496776. DOI: 10.1038/nri2735. View

19.

Allen J, Wynn T . Evolution of Th2 immunity: a rapid repair response to tissue destructive pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 2011; 7(5):e1002003. PMC: 3093361. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002003. View

20.

Trompette A, Divanovic S, Visintin A, Blanchard C, Hegde R, Madan R . Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein. Nature. 2008; 457(7229):585-8. PMC: 2843411. DOI: 10.1038/nature07548. View