Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins: Modulators of the Microbiome and Inflammation

Overview

Journal Nat Rev Immunol

Specialty Allergy & Immunology

Date 2011 Nov 15

PMID 22076558

Citations 153

Authors

Julien Royet

Dipika Gupta

Roman Dziarski

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

All animals, including humans, live in symbiotic association with microorganisms. The immune system accommodates host colonization by the microbiota, maintains microbiota-host homeostasis and defends against pathogens. This Review analyses how one family of antibacterial pattern recognition molecules - the peptidoglycan recognition proteins - has evolved a fascinating variety of mechanisms to control host interactions with mutualistic, commensal and parasitic microorganisms to benefit both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts.

Citing Articles

The Role of AaPGRP-LB in the Immune Response of Against Bacteria Infection.

Wu C, Chen Y, Zheng C, Huang X, Xie Y, Lin L Int J Mol Sci. 2025; 26(5).

PMID: 40076812 PMC: 11900923. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26052188.

Modelling host-pathogen interactions: as a platform to study response to host-imposed zinc starvation.

Michetti E, Mandava T, Secli V, Pacello F, Battistoni A, Ammendola S Microbiology (Reading). 2025; 171(1.

PMID: 39841126 PMC: 11753293. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001524.

Insights into Microbiota-Host Crosstalk in the Intestinal Diseases Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles and Their Encapsulated MicroRNAs.

Zeng Y, Yin Y, Zhou X Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(23.

PMID: 39684711 PMC: 11641152. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252313001.

Comparative Analysis of PGRP Family in Polymorphic Worker Castes of .

Zhu Z, Wu H, Lin L, Li A, Kang Z, Zhang J Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(22).

PMID: 39596354 PMC: 11594682. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252212289.

MdSVWC1, a new pattern recognition receptor triggers multiple defense mechanisms against invading bacteria in Musca domestica.

Tang T, Sun S, Wang R, Li M, Wang Y, Li F BMC Biol. 2024; 22(1):242.

PMID: 39443921 PMC: 11515477. DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-02042-5.

References

Wang L, Gilbert R, Atilano M, Filipe S, Gay N, Ligoxygakis P . Peptidoglycan recognition protein-SD provides versatility of receptor formation in Drosophila immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105(33):11881-6. PMC: 2575254. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710092105. View

Chang C, Chelliah Y, Borek D, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Deisenhofer J . Structure of tracheal cytotoxin in complex with a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor. Science. 2006; 311(5768):1761-4. DOI: 10.1126/science.1123056. View

Guan R, Roychowdhury A, Ember B, Kumar S, Boons G, Mariuzza R . Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101(49):17168-73. PMC: 535381. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407856101. View

Maillet F, Bischoff V, Vignal C, Hoffmann J, Royet J . The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LF blocks PGRP-LC and IMD/JNK pathway activation. Cell Host Microbe. 2008; 3(5):293-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.04.002. View

Ha E, Lee K, Seo Y, Kim S, Lim J, Oh B . Coordination of multiple dual oxidase-regulatory pathways in responses to commensal and infectious microbes in drosophila gut. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10(9):949-57. DOI: 10.1038/ni.1765. View

Saha S, Qi J, Wang S, Wang M, Li X, Kim Y . PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for peptidoglycan-induced arthritis and local inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2009; 5(2):137-50. PMC: 2671207. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.12.010. View

Dziarski R, Gupta D . The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Genome Biol. 2006; 7(8):232. PMC: 1779587. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232. View

Lhocine N, Ribeiro P, Buchon N, Wepf A, Wilson R, Tenev T . PIMS modulates immune tolerance by negatively regulating Drosophila innate immune signaling. Cell Host Microbe. 2008; 4(2):147-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.004. View

Lakatos P, Fischer S, Lakatos L, Gal I, Papp J . Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ?. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(12):1829-41. PMC: 4087507. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i12.1829. View

10.

Cho J, Fraser I, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, Fujimoto Y, Stahl G . Human peptidoglycan recognition protein S is an effector of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity. Blood. 2005; 106(7):2551-8. PMC: 1895263. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0530. View

11.

Kashyap D, Wang M, Liu L, Boons G, Gupta D, Dziarski R . Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems. Nat Med. 2011; 17(6):676-83. PMC: 3176504. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2357. View

12.

Lu X, Wang M, Qi J, Wang H, Li X, Gupta D . Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins. J Biol Chem. 2005; 281(9):5895-907. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M511631200. View

13.

Rehman A, Sina C, Gavrilova O, Hasler R, Ott S, Baines J . Nod2 is essential for temporal development of intestinal microbial communities. Gut. 2011; 60(10):1354-62. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.216259. View

14.

Liehl P, Blight M, Vodovar N, Boccard F, Lemaitre B . Prevalence of local immune response against oral infection in a Drosophila/Pseudomonas infection model. PLoS Pathog. 2006; 2(6):e56. PMC: 1475658. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020056. View

15.

Cerf-Bensussan N, Gaboriau-Routhiau V . The immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; 10(10):735-44. DOI: 10.1038/nri2850. View

16.

Li X, Wang S, Wang H, Gupta D . Differential expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 in the skin and liver requires different transcription factors. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281(30):20738-20748. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M601017200. View

17.

Mellroth P, Steiner H . PGRP-SB1: an N-acetylmuramoyl L-alanine amidase with antibacterial activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006; 350(4):994-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.139. View

18.

Mellroth P, Karlsson J, Hakansson J, Schultz N, Goldman W, Steiner H . Ligand-induced dimerization of Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition proteins in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(18):6455-60. PMC: 1088352. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407559102. View

19.

Corby-Harris V, Pontaroli A, Shimkets L, Bennetzen J, Habel K, Promislow D . Geographical distribution and diversity of bacteria associated with natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007; 73(11):3470-9. PMC: 1932700. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02120-06. View

20.

Nehme N, Liegeois S, Kele B, Giammarinaro P, Pradel E, Hoffmann J . A model of bacterial intestinal infections in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog. 2007; 3(11):e173. PMC: 2094306. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030173. View