A Comprehensive Study for Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Selected Biological Materials: A Review

Overview

Journal Foods

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2024 Jun 27

PMID 38928832

Authors

Beyza Ucar

Zahra Gholami

Katerina Svobodova

Ivana Hradecka

Vladimir Honig

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The quality of oil is highly dependent on its free fatty acid (FFA) content, especially due to increased restrictions on renewable fuels. As a result, there has been a growing interest in free fatty acid determination methods over the last few decades. While various standard methods are currently available, such as the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and Japan Oil Chemists' Society (JOCS), to obtain accurate results, there is a pressing need to investigate a fast, accurate, feasible, and eco-friendly methodology for determining FFA in biological materials. This is owing to inadequate characteristics of the methods, such as solvent consumption and reproducibility, among others. This study aims to investigate FFA determination methods to identify suitable approaches and introduce a fresh perspective.

Citing Articles

Comprehensive quantification of C4 to C26 free fatty acids using a supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry method in pharmaceutical-grade egg yolk powders intended for total parenteral nutrition use.

Retrato M, Nguyen A, Ubhayasekera S, Bergquist J Anal Bioanal Chem. 2025; 417(8):1461-1478.

PMID: 39849177 PMC: 11876226. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-025-05732-3.

References

Kuselman I, Turyan Y, Burenko T, Goldfeld I, Anisimov B . pH-Metric determination of acid values in oilseeds without titration. Talanta. 2008; 49(3):629-37. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(99)00049-1. View

Zhao X, He Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Chen L, Wang B . Identification and direct determination of fatty acids profile in oleic acid by HPLC-CAD and MS-IT-TOF. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021; 204:114238. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114238. View

Kwon C, Park K, Choi S, Chang P . A reliable and reproducible method for the lipase assay in an AOT/isooctane reversed micellar system: modification of the copper-soap colorimetric method. Food Chem. 2015; 182:236-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.145. View

Herrmann S, Poulsen M . Clean-up of cereal extracts for gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry pesticide residues analysis using primary secondary amine and C18. J Chromatogr A. 2015; 1423:47-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.086. View

Nascimento T, Lopes T, Nazario C, Oliveira S, Alcantara G . Vegetable oils: Are they true? A point of view from ATR-FTIR, H NMR, and regiospecific analysis by C NMR. Food Res Int. 2021; 144:110362. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110362. View

Salimon J, Abdullah B, Salih N . Hydrolysis optimization and characterization study of preparing fatty acids from Jatropha curcas seed oil. Chem Cent J. 2011; 5:67. PMC: 3377924. DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-5-67. View

van Wyngaard E, Blancquaert E, Nieuwoudt H, Aleixandre-Tudo J . Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Applications for the Qualitative and Quantitative Investigation of Grapevine Organs. Front Plant Sci. 2021; 12:723247. PMC: 8448193. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723247. View

Nzekoue F, Caprioli G, Fiorini D, Torregiani E, Vittori S, Sagratini G . HS-SPME-GC-MS technique for FFA and hexanal analysis in different cheese packaging in the course of long term storage. Food Res Int. 2019; 121:730-737. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.048. View

Cert A, Moreda W, Perez-Camino M . Chromatographic analysis of minor constituents in vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A. 2000; 881(1-2):131-48. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00389-7. View

10.

Ayyildiz H, Kara H, Sherazi S . A novel approach for determination of free fatty acids in vegetable oils by a flow injection system with manual injection. Lipids. 2011; 46(12):1181-90. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3610-9. View

11.

Kaufmann K, Favero F, Vasconcelos M, Godoy H, Sampaio K, Barbin D . Portable NIR Spectrometer for Prediction of Palm Oil Acidity. J Food Sci. 2019; 84(3):406-411. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14467. View

12.

De Marchi M, Penasa M, Cecchinato A, Mele M, Secchiari P, Bittante G . Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict fatty acid composition of Brown Swiss bovine milk. Animal. 2012; 5(10):1653-8. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731111000747. View

13.

Zailer E, Holzgrabe U, Diehl B . Interlaboratory Comparison Test as an Evaluation of Applicability of an Alternative Edible Oil Analysis by H NMR Spectroscopy. J AOAC Int. 2017; 100(6):1819-1830. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0063. View

14.

Bao R, Tang F, Rich C, Hatzakis E . A comparative evaluation of low-field and high-field NMR untargeted analysis: Authentication of virgin coconut oil adulterated with refined coconut oil as a case study. Anal Chim Acta. 2023; 1273:341537. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341537. View

15.

Kim K, Lee J, Lee J, Maharjan R, Oh H, Lee K . Optimization of HPLCCAD method for simultaneous analysis of different lipids in lipid nanoparticles with analytical QbD. J Chromatogr A. 2023; 1709:464375. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464375. View

16.

Du R, Lai K, Xiao Z, Shen Y, Wang X, Huang Y . Evaluation of the quality of deep frying oils with Fourier transform near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy. J Food Sci. 2012; 77(2):C261-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02551.x. View

17.

Baldo M, Oliveri P, Simonetti R, Daniele S . A novel electroanalytical approach based on the use of a room temperature ionic liquid for the determination of olive oil acidity. Talanta. 2016; 161:881-887. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.045. View

18.

Luna P, Juarez M, de la Fuente M . Gas chromatography and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in free fatty acid form using sulphuric acid in methanol as catalyst. J Chromatogr A. 2008; 1204(1):110-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.050. View

19.

Burguera J, Burguera M . Pretreatment of oily samples for analysis by flow injection-spectrometric methods. Talanta. 2010; 83(3):691-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.018. View

20.

Dong Z, Jin J, Wei W, Wang X, Wu G, Wang X . Fabrication of immobilized lipases from on hierarchical mesoporous silica for enzymatic enrichment of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by selective hydrolysis. Food Chem X. 2024; 22:101434. PMC: 11108833. DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101434. View