Immunoglobulin Constant Regions Provide Stabilization to the Paratope and Enforce Epitope Specificity

Constant domains in antibody molecules at the level of the Fab (C1 and C) have long been considered to be simple scaffolding elements that physically separate the paratope-defining variable (V) region from the effector function-mediating constant (C) regions. However, due to recent findings that C domains of different isotypes can modulate the fine specificity encoded in the V region, elucidating the role of C domains in shaping the paratope and influencing specificity is a critical area of interest. To dissect the relative contributions of each C domain to this phenomenon, we generated antibody fragments with different C regions omitted, using a set of antibodies targeting capsular polysaccharides from the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Antigen specificity mapping and functional activity measurements revealed that V region-only antibody fragments exhibited poly-specificity to antigenic variants and extended to recognition of self-antigens, while measurable hydrolytic activity of the capsule was greatly attenuated. To better understand the mechanistic origins of the remarkable loss of specificity that accompanies the removal of C domains from identical paratopes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations which revealed increased paratope plasticity in the scFv relative to the corresponding Fab. Together, our results provide insight into how the remarkable specificity of immunoglobulins is governed and maintained at the level of the Fab through the enforcement of structural restrictions on the paratope by C1 domains.