Maternal HIV Status and Risk of Infant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection As Measured by Tuberculin Skin Test

Overview

Journal Pediatr Infect Dis J

Specialty Pediatrics

Date 2023 Nov 22

PMID 37991383

Authors

Jerphason Mecha

Jaclyn N Escudero

Barbra A Richardson

Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo

Daniel Matemo

John Kinuthia

Grace John-Stewart

Sylvia M LaCourse

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The effect of maternal HIV on infant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection risk is not well-characterized.

Methods: Pregnant women with/without HIV and their infants were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort in Kenya. Mothers had interferon gamma-release assays (QFT-Plus) and tuberculin skin tests (TST) at enrollment in pregnancy; children underwent TST at 12 and 24 months of age. We estimated the incidence and correlates of infant TST-positivity using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results: Among 322 infants, 170 (53%) were HIV-exposed and 152 (47%) were HIV-unexposed. Median enrollment age was 6.6 weeks [interquartile range (IQR): 6.1-10.0]; most received Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (320, 99%). Thirty-nine (12%) mothers were TST-positive; 102 (32%) were QFT-Plus-positive. Among HIV-exposed infants, 154 (95%) received antiretrovirals for HIV prevention and 141 (83%) of their mothers ever received isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Cumulative 24-month infant Mtb infection incidence was 3.6/100 person-years (PY) [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4-5.5/100 PY]; 5.4/100 PY in HIV-exposed infants (10%, 17/170) versus 1.7/100 PY in HIV-unexposed infants (3.3%, 5/152) [hazard ratio (HR): 3.1 (95% CI: 1.2-8.5)]. More TST conversions occurred in the first versus second year of life [5.8 vs. 2.0/100 PY; HR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.0-10.1)]. Infant TST-positivity was associated with maternal TST-positivity [HR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.1-7.4)], but not QFT-Plus-positivity. Among HIV-exposed children, Mtb infection incidence was similar regardless of maternal IPT.

Conclusions: Mtb infection incidence (by TST) by 24 months of age was ~3-fold higher among HIV-exposed children, despite high maternal IPT uptake. Overall, more TST conversions occurred in the first 12 months compared to 12-24 months of age, similar in both HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children.

Citing Articles

Prevalence and Predictors of Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents in Rural Uganda: A Cross-sectional Study.

Kakande E, Ssekyanzi B, Abbott R, Ariho W, Nattabi G, Landsiedel K Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024; .

PMID: 39018476 PMC: 11733060. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004475.

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