A Symmetry Mismatch Unraveled: How Phage HK97 Scaffold Flexibly Accommodates a 12-fold Pore at a 5-fold Viral Capsid Vertex

Tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses use a transient scaffold to assemble icosahedral capsids with hexameric capsomers on the faces and pentameric capsomers at all but one vertex where a 12-fold portal is thought to nucleate the assembly. How does the scaffold orchestrate this step? We have determined the portal vertex structure of the bacteriophage HK97 procapsid, where the scaffold is a domain of the major capsid protein. The scaffold forms rigid helix-turn-strand structures on the interior surfaces of all capsomers and is further stabilized around the portal, forming trimeric coiled-coil towers, two per surrounding capsomer. These 10 towers bind identically to 10 of 12 portal subunits, adopting a pseudo-12-fold organization that explains how the symmetry mismatch is managed at this early step.