The Phylodynamic and Spread of the Invasive Asian Malaria Vectors, , in Sudan

Overview

Journal Biology (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biology

Date 2022 Mar 26

PMID 35336783

Authors

Mustafa Abubakr

Hamza Sami

Isam Mahdi

Omnia Altahir

Hanadi AbdElbagi

Nouh Saad Mohamed

Ayman Ahmed

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

is an invasive Asian malaria vector that initially emerged in Africa in 2012 and was reported in Sudan in 2019. We investigated the distribution and population structure of throughout Sudan by using sequencing and molecular tools. We confirmed the presence of in eight border-states, identifying both natural and human-made breeding sites. Our analysis revealed the presence of 20 haplotypes with different distributions per state. This study revealed a countrywide spread of in Sudan, with confirmed presence in borders states with Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Republic of Central Africa, and South Sudan. Detection of at points of entry with these countries, particularly Chad, Libya, and South Sudan, indicates the rapid previously undetected spread of this invasive vector. Our phylogenetic and haplotype analysis suggested local establishment and evolutionary adaptation of the vector to different ecological and environmental conditions in Sudan. Urgent engagement of the global community is essential to control and prevent further spread into Africa.

Citing Articles

Rift Valley Fever in Rwanda Is Urging for Enhancing Global Health Security Through Multisectoral One Health Strategy.

Muvunyi C, Ngabonziza J, Siddig E, Ahmed A Microorganisms. 2025; 13(1).

PMID: 39858859 PMC: 11768005. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010091.

Undetected circulation of major arboviruses in West Sudan: urging for institutionalizing multisectoral one health strategy for the preparedness, prevention, and control of zoonotic arboviral diseases.

Mohamed N, Siddig E, Muvunyi C, Musa A, Elduma A, Ahmed A BMC Res Notes. 2024; 17(1):386.

PMID: 39726037 PMC: 11670432. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-07067-1.

Potential impact of climatic factors on malaria in Rwanda between 2012 and 2021: a time-series analysis.

Rubuga F, Ahmed A, Siddig E, Sera F, Moirano G, Aimable M Malar J. 2024; 23(1):274.

PMID: 39256741 PMC: 11389490. DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05097-5.

Investigating the association between household exposure to Anopheles stephensi and malaria in Sudan and Ethiopia: A case-control study protocol.

Ashine T, Ebstie Y, Ibrahim R, Epstein A, Bradley J, Nouredayem M PLoS One. 2024; 19(9):e0309058.

PMID: 39226299 PMC: 11371238. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309058.

Rift Valley fever and malaria co-infection: A case report.

Ali Y, Siddig E, Mohamed N, Ahmed A Clin Case Rep. 2023; 11(9):e7926.

PMID: 37731970 PMC: 10507219. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7926.

References

Tamura K . Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases. Mol Biol Evol. 1992; 9(4):678-87. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752. View

Coetzee M . Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Malar J. 2020; 19(1):70. PMC: 7020601. DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3144-9. View

Mohamed N, AbdElbagi H, Osman H, Ahmed A, Yousif A, Edris Y . A snapshot of Plasmodium falciparum malaria drug resistance markers in Sudan: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes. 2020; 13(1):512. PMC: 7648977. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05363-0. View

Mehravaran A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi M, Reza Abai M, Edalat H, Javadian E . Ecology of Anopheles stephensi in a malarious area, southeast of Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2012; 50(1):61-5. View

Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Boykoff M . The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019; 394(10211):1836-1878. PMC: 7616843. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6. View

Ahmed A, Ali Y, Elduma A, Eldigail M, Mhmoud R, Mohamed N . Unique Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in Sudan, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(12):3030-3033. PMC: 7706939. DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.201599. View

Santi V, Khaireh B, Chiniard T, Pradines B, Taudon N, Larreche S . Role of Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes in Malaria Outbreak, Djibouti, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021; 27(6):1697-1700. PMC: 8153885. DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.204557. View

Ahmed A, Ali Y, Elmagboul B, Mohamed O, Elduma A, Bashab H . Dengue Fever in the Darfur Area, Western Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(11):2126. PMC: 6810194. DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.181766. View

Bhatt S, Weiss D, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U . The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015; 526(7572):207-211. PMC: 4820050. DOI: 10.1038/nature15535. View

10.

Takken W, Lindsay S . Increased Threat of Urban Malaria from Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(7):1431-1433. PMC: 6590739. DOI: 10.3201/eid2507.190301. View

11.

Ahmed A, Ali Y, Mohamed N . Arboviral diseases: the emergence of a major yet ignored public health threat in Africa. Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4(12):e555. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30269-2. View

12.

Ahmed A . Urgent call for a global enforcement of the public sharing of health emergencies data: lesson learned from serious arboviral disease epidemics in Sudan. Int Health. 2020; 12(4):238-240. PMC: 7322198. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz122. View

13.

Sinka M, Pironon S, Massey N, Longbottom J, Hemingway J, Moyes C . A new malaria vector in Africa: Predicting the expansion range of and identifying the urban populations at risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 117(40):24900-24908. PMC: 7547157. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003976117. View

14.

VAUGHAN J, Turell M . Facilitation of Rift Valley fever virus transmission by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 55(4):407-9. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.407. View

15.

Tadesse F, Ashine T, Teka H, Esayas E, Messenger L, Chali W . Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021; 27(2):603-607. PMC: 7853561. DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.200019. View

16.

Colon-Gonzalez F, Sewe M, Tompkins A, Sjodin H, Casallas A, Rocklov J . Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study. Lancet Planet Health. 2021; 5(7):e404-e414. PMC: 8280459. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00132-7. View

17.

Ahmed A, Dietrich I, LaBeaud A, Lindsay S, Musa A, Weaver S . Risks and Challenges of Arboviral Diseases in Sudan: The Urgent Need for Actions. Viruses. 2020; 12(1). PMC: 7019415. DOI: 10.3390/v12010081. View

18.

Elsanousi Y, Elmahi A, Pereira I, Debacker M . Impact of the 2013 Floods on the Incidence of Malaria in Almanagil Locality, Gezira State, Sudan. PLoS Curr. 2018; 10. PMC: 6209411. DOI: 10.1371/currents.dis.8267b8917b47bc12ff3a712fe4589fe1. View

19.

Yadav P, Gokhale M, Barde P, Singh D, Mishra A, Mourya D . Experimental transmission of Chikungunya virus by Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Acta Virol. 2003; 47(1):45-7. View

20.

Ahmed A, Abubakr M, Ali Y, Siddig E, Mohamed N . Vector control strategy for Anopheles stephensi in Africa. Lancet Microbe. 2022; 3(6):e403. DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00039-8. View