Small Extracellular Vesicles from Plasma of Women with Preeclampsia Increase Myogenic Tone and Decrease Endothelium-dependent Relaxation of Mouse Mesenteric Arteries

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common syndrome of pregnancy, characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after gestational week 20, or new onset of hypertension and significant end-organ dysfunction. In the worst cases, it can threaten the survival of both mother and baby. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer nanoparticles released from cells. They are involved in cell-cell communication and transport of diverse cargo molecules. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, exosomes) are defined by their size and biogenesis within the endocytic compartment of the cell or reverse budding of the plasma membrane. The function of circulating gestational EVs, released from maternal organs or the placenta, remains to be explored. Here, we focused on sEVs that circulate in the maternal blood in the third trimester of human pregnancy and hypothesized that sEVs from pregnant women with PE play a role in regulation of vessel tone. When compared to sEVs from women with uncomplicated pregnancies, ex vivo exposure of isolated mouse mesenteric arteries to sEVs purified from the plasma of pregnant women with PE led to constriction in response to intraluminal pressure. This effect was not observed using microvesicles from the plasma of women with PE or using PE plasma that was depleted of EVs. Blood vessels exposed to sEVs from women with PE were also more resistant to methacholine-stimulated relaxation. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of sEVs within the vessel wall. Together, these data support the notion that circulating sEVs from pregnant women play a role in the regulation of arterial tone.