Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose Using Glucose Oxidase/PEDOT:4-Sulfocalix [4]arene/MXene Composite Modified Electrode

Overview

Journal Micromachines (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Date 2022 Feb 25

PMID 35208428

Authors

Preethika Murugan

Jayshree Annamalai

Raji Atchudan

Mani Govindasamy

Deepak Nallaswamy

Dhanraj Ganapathy

Anatoly Reshetilov

Ashok K Sundramoorthy

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Glucose is one of the most important monosaccharides found in the food, as a part of more complex structures, which is a primary energy source for the brain and body. Thus, the monitoring of glucose concentration is more important in food and biological samples in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Herein, an electrochemical glucose biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOX) onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):4-sulfocalix [4]arene (PEDOT:SCX)/MXene modified electrode. For this purpose, firstly, PEDOT was synthesized in the presence of SCX (counterion) by the chemical oxidative method. Secondly, MXene (a 2D layered material) was synthesized by using a high-temperature furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere. After that, PEDOT:SCX/MXene (1:1) dispersion was prepared by ultrasonication which was later utilized to prepare PEDOT:SCX/MXene hybrid film. A successful formation of PEDOT:SCX/MXene film was confirmed by HR-SEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopies. Due to the biocompatibility nature, successful immobilization of GOX was carried out onto chitosan modified PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GCE. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE was studied through cyclic voltammetry and amperometry methods. Interestingly, a stable redox peak of FAD-GOX was observed at a formal potential of -0.435 V on PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE which indicated a direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode surface. PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE also exhibited a linear response against glucose concentrations in the linear range from 0.5 to 8 mM. The effect of pH, sensors reproducibility, and repeatability of the PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE sensor were studied. Finally, this new biosensor was successfully applied to detect glucose in commercial fruit juice sample with satisfactory recovery.

Citing Articles

Recent Advancements in MXene-Based Biosensors for Health and Environmental Applications-A Review.

Ali A, Majhi S, Siddig L, Deshmukh A, Wen H, Qamhieh N Biosensors (Basel). 2024; 14(10).

PMID: 39451710 PMC: 11506004. DOI: 10.3390/bios14100497.

Manganese Sulfanyl Porphyrazine-MWCNT Nanohybrid Electrode Material as a Catalyst for HO and Glucose Biosensors.

Falkowski M, Leda A, Hassani M, Wicinski M, Mlynarczyk D, Duzgunes N Sensors (Basel). 2024; 24(19).

PMID: 39409297 PMC: 11478948. DOI: 10.3390/s24196257.

Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications.

Kuntoji G, Kousar N, Gaddimath S, Sannegowda L Biosensors (Basel). 2024; 14(6).

PMID: 38920581 PMC: 11201996. DOI: 10.3390/bios14060277.

Probing the influence of crosslinkers on the properties, response, and degradation of enzymatic hydrogels for electrochemical glucose biosensing through fluorescence analysis.

Diaz-Gonzalez J, Arriaga L, Casanova-Moreno J RSC Adv. 2024; 14(14):9514-9528.

PMID: 38516160 PMC: 10953846. DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00265b.

Screen-printed electrode designed with MXene/doped-polyindole and MWCNT/doped-polyindole for chronoamperometric enzymatic glucose sensor.

Phasuksom K, Ariyasajjamongkol N, Sirivat A Heliyon. 2024; 10(2):e24346.

PMID: 38293452 PMC: 10826182. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24346.

References

Bilen H, Kilicaslan A, Akcay G, Albayrak F . Performance of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) based and glucose oxidase (GOX) based blood glucose meter systems at moderately high altitude. J Med Eng Technol. 2007; 31(2):152-6. DOI: 10.1080/03091900600861590. View

Palod P, Singh V . Improvement in glucose biosensing response of electrochemically grown polypyrrole nanotubes by incorporating crosslinked glucose oxidase. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015; 55:420-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.038. View

Rakhi R, Nayak P, Xia C, Alshareef H . Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on MXene nanocomposite. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:36422. PMC: 5103228. DOI: 10.1038/srep36422. View

Lee W, Kim K, Gurudatt N, Hussain K, Choi C, Park D . Comparison of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on hierarchical Au-Ni alloy with conductive polymer. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019; 130:48-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.028. View

K Sundramoorthy A, Wang Y, Wang J, Che J, Thong Y, Lu A . Lateral assembly of oxidized graphene flakes into large-scale transparent conductive thin films with a three-dimensional surfactant 4-sulfocalix[4]arene. Sci Rep. 2015; 5:10716. PMC: 4455233. DOI: 10.1038/srep10716. View

Galant A, Kaufman R, Wilson J . Glucose: Detection and analysis. Food Chem. 2015; 188:149-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071. View

Dai J, Zhang H, Huang C, Chen Z, Han A . A Gel-Based Separation-Free Point-of-Care Device for Whole Blood Glucose Detection. Anal Chem. 2020; 92(24):16122-16129. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03801. View

Feng W, Li Y, Wu J, Noda H, Fujii A, Ozaki M . Improved electrical and optical properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) via ordered microstructure. J Phys Condens Matter. 2011; 19(18):186220. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/18/186220. View

Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X . Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):14790. PMC: 7478957. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9. View

10.

Nagarajan R, Sundaramurthy A, K Sundramoorthy A . Synthesis and characterization of MXene (TiCT)/Iron oxide composite for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere. 2021; 286(Pt 1):131478. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131478. View

11.

Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V, Lu J, Niu J, Heon M . Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3 AlC2. Adv Mater. 2011; 23(37):4248-53. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102306. View

12.

McNichols R, Cote G . Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: an overview. J Biomed Opt. 2000; 5(1):5-16. DOI: 10.1117/1.429962. View

13.

Nagarajan R, Murugan P, Palaniyandi K, Atchudan R, K Sundramoorthy A . Biocompatible MXene (TiCT) Immobilized with Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide as an Electrochemical Transducer for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Micromachines (Basel). 2021; 12(8). PMC: 8401909. DOI: 10.3390/mi12080862. View

14.

Pankratov D, Sotres J, Barrantes A, Arnebrant T, Shleev S . Interfacial behavior and activity of laccase and bilirubin oxidase on bare gold surfaces. Langmuir. 2014; 30(10):2943-51. DOI: 10.1021/la402432q. View

15.

Kang X, Mai Z, Zou X, Cai P, Mo J . A novel glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold-platinum alloy nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes. Anal Biochem. 2007; 369(1):71-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.07.005. View

16.

Li C, Dong H, Cao X, Luong J, Zhang X . Implantable electrochemical sensors for biomedical and clinical applications: progress, problems, and future possibilities. Curr Med Chem. 2007; 14(8):937-51. View

17.

Wu M, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Deng C, Zhou F, Zhang Y . Polylysine-modified MXene nanosheets with highly loaded glucose oxidase as cascade nanoreactor for glucose decomposition and electrochemical sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2020; 586:20-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.065. View

18.

Xie W, Gong Y, Yu K . Rapid quantitative detection of glucose content in glucose injection by reaction headspace gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2017; 1520:143-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.018. View

19.

Pilo M, Farre R, Lachowicz J, Masolo E, Panzanelli A, Sanna G . Design of Amperometric Biosensors for the Detection of Glucose Prepared by Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Conducting (Poly)Thiophene Films. J Anal Methods Chem. 2018; 2018:1849439. PMC: 5852879. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1849439. View

20.

Staiano M, Bazzicalupo P, Rossi M, DAuria S . Glucose biosensors as models for the development of advanced protein-based biosensors. Mol Biosyst. 2006; 1(5-6):354-62. DOI: 10.1039/b513385h. View