Sodium (Na) MRI of the Kidney: Basic Concept

Overview

Journal Methods Mol Biol

Specialty Molecular Biology

Date 2021 Jan 21

PMID 33476005

Citations 3

Authors

James T Grist

Esben Sovso Hansen

Frank G Zollner

Christoffer Laustsen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The handling of sodium by the renal system is a key indicator of renal function. Alterations in the corticomedullary distribution of sodium are considered important indicators of pathology in renal diseases. The derangement of sodium handling can be noninvasively imaged using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (Na MRI), with data analysis allowing for the assessment of the corticomedullary sodium gradient. Here we introduce sodium imaging, describe the existing methods, and give an overview of preclinical sodium imaging applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal sodium handling.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

Citing Articles

Renal Perfusion, Oxygenation and Metabolism: The Role of Imaging.

Paivarinta J, Anastasiou I, Koivuviita N, Sharma K, Nuutila P, Ferrannini E J Clin Med. 2023; 12(15).

PMID: 37568543 PMC: 10420088. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155141.

Novel strategies in nephrology: what to expect from the future?.

Copur S, Tanriover C, Yavuz F, Soler M, Ortiz A, Covic A Clin Kidney J. 2023; 16(2):230-244.

PMID: 36755838 PMC: 9900595. DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac212.

Fibrosis imaging with multiparametric proton and sodium MRI in pig injury models.

Rasmussen C, Bogh N, Bech S, Thorsen T, Hansen E, Bertelsen L NMR Biomed. 2022; 36(2):e4838.

PMID: 36151711 PMC: 10078455. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4838.

References

Stobbe R, Beaulieu C . In vivo sodium magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain using soft inversion recovery fluid attenuation. Magn Reson Med. 2005; 54(5):1305-10. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20696. View

Neuberger T, Gulani V, Webb A . Sodium renal imaging in mice at high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med. 2007; 58(5):1067-71. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21402. View

Christensen J, Barrere B, Boada F, Vevea J, Thulborn K . Quantitative tissue sodium concentration mapping of normal rat brain. Magn Reson Med. 1996; 36(1):83-9. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910360115. View

Grist J, Riemer F, McLean M, Matys T, Zaccagna F, Hilborne S . Imaging intralesional heterogeneity of sodium concentration in multiple sclerosis: Initial evidence from Na-MRI. J Neurol Sci. 2018; 387:111-114. PMC: 5884312. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.027. View

Qi H, Norlinger T, Nielsen P, Bertelsen L, Mikkelsen E, Xu Y . Early diabetic kidney maintains the corticomedullary urea and sodium gradient. Physiol Rep. 2016; 4(5). PMC: 4823596. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12714. View

Zimmer F, Zollner F, Hoeger S, Klotz S, Tsagogiorgas C, Kramer B . Quantitative renal perfusion measurements in a rat model of acute kidney injury at 3T: testing inter- and intramethodical significance of ASL and DCE-MRI. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e53849. PMC: 3538736. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053849. View

Bertelsen L, Nielsen P, Qi H, Norlinger T, Zhang X, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H . Diabetes induced renal urea transport alterations assessed with 3D hyperpolarized C, N-Urea. Magn Reson Med. 2016; 77(4):1650-1655. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26256. View

Piskunowicz M, Hofmann L, Zuercher E, Bassi I, Milani B, Stuber M . A new technique with high reproducibility to estimate renal oxygenation using BOLD-MRI in chronic kidney disease. Magn Reson Imaging. 2014; 33(3):253-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.12.002. View

Ackerman J, Grove T, Wong G, Gadian D, Radda G . Mapping of metabolites in whole animals by 31P NMR using surface coils. Nature. 1980; 283(5743):167-70. DOI: 10.1038/283167a0. View

10.

Pruijm M, Milani B, Burnier M . Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent MRI to Assess Renal Oxygenation in Renal Diseases: Progresses and Challenges. Front Physiol. 2017; 7:667. PMC: 5214762. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00667. View

11.

Zhou H, Chen T, Zhang X . Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Kidney Injury: Present Status. Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:2027370. PMC: 4746277. DOI: 10.1155/2016/2027370. View

12.

Qian Y, Panigrahy A, Laymon C, Lee V, Drappatz J, Lieberman F . Short-T imaging for quantifying concentration of sodium ( Na) of bi-exponential T relaxation. Magn Reson Med. 2014; 74(1):162-174. PMC: 4312273. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25393. View

13.

Maril N, Margalit R, Mispelter J, Degani H . Sodium magnetic resonance imaging of diuresis: spatial and kinetic response. Magn Reson Med. 2005; 53(3):545-52. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20359. View

14.

Lu A, Atkinson I, Claiborne T, Damen F, Thulborn K . Quantitative sodium imaging with a flexible twisted projection pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2010; 63(6):1583-93. PMC: 2879672. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22381. View

15.

Haneder S, Juras V, Michaely H, Deligianni X, Bieri O, Schoenberg S . In vivo sodium (23Na) imaging of the human kidneys at 7 T: preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 2013; 24(2):494-501. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-3032-6. View

16.

Zollner F, Konstandin S, Lommen J, Budjan J, Schoenberg S, Schad L . Quantitative sodium MRI of kidney. NMR Biomed. 2015; 29(2):197-205. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3274. View

17.

Nielsen P, Eldirdiri A, Bertelsen L, Jorgensen H, Ardenkjaer-Larsen J, Laustsen C . Fumarase activity: an in vivo and in vitro biomarker for acute kidney injury. Sci Rep. 2017; 7:40812. PMC: 5240145. DOI: 10.1038/srep40812. View

18.

Nagel A, Laun F, Weber M, Matthies C, Semmler W, Schad L . Sodium MRI using a density-adapted 3D radial acquisition technique. Magn Reson Med. 2009; 62(6):1565-73. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22157. View

19.

Gurney P, Hargreaves B, Nishimura D . Design and analysis of a practical 3D cones trajectory. Magn Reson Med. 2006; 55(3):575-82. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20796. View

20.

Benkhedah N, Bachert P, Semmler W, Nagel A . Three-dimensional biexponential weighted (23)Na imaging of the human brain with higher SNR and shorter acquisition time. Magn Reson Med. 2012; 70(3):754-65. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24516. View