The Major Pathway by Which Polymeric Formula Reduces Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: a Microarray-based Analysis

Nutritional therapy is well established as a means to induce remission in active Crohn's disease (CD). Evidence indicates that exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) therapy for CD both alters the intestinal microbiota and directly suppresses the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. However, the pathway(s) through which EEN suppresses inflammation is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to use microarray technology to investigate the major pathway by which polymeric formula (PF) alters inflammatory processes in epithelial cells in vitro. HT-29 cells were grown to confluence and then co-cultured with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (100 ng/ml) for 5 h in the presence or absence of PF, as used for EEN. Following incubation, RNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to evaluate cytokine protein levels. Neither TNF-α nor PF had a toxic effect on cells over the experimental period. Microarray analysis showed that PF modulated the expression of genes specifically linked to nuclear factor (NF)-κB, resulting in downregulation of a number of genes in this pathway. These findings were further confirmed by real-time PCR of selected dysregulated genes as well as reduced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 proteins following PF treatment. The results arising from this study provide evidence that PF alters the inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of the NF-κB pathway.