Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines (interferon Gamma) and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine (interleukin-10) Gene Polymorphisms in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: an Indian Scenario

Immune-mediated mechanisms have been found to play an important role in the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The outcomes of infection do not appear to be determined by viral strains. Instead, allelic variants in human genome are likely to affect the disease progression. Allelic variation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) participates in the elimination of HBV, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) helps in inhibition of Th1 effector mechanisms for host defense. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of host genetic factors in chronic HBV infection and gene promoter polymorphism or single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of IFN-γ+874 and IL-10 (-1082, -592, and -819) on disease progression and persistence. A total of 232 patients along with 76 healthy controls were included. Allele-specific primers for IFN-γ and restriction fragment length polymorphism for IL-10 were used. The study indicated that low IFN-γ expression probably impairs host immune response to HBV, rendering these subjects more prone to HBV infection. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in the distributions of IL-10 genotype at the -1082, -819, and -592 positions. Odds ratio indicated that heterozygosity of genotypes -819 CT and -592 AC was more strongly associated with liver chronicity. Significantly, AA homozygous genotype was dominant in chronic hepatitis B cases in IFN-γ+874 and IL-10 (-1082 and -592) and is associated with increased risk of persistent infection.