Conserved Enzymes Mediate the Early Reactions of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Nonphotosynthetic and Photosynthetic Prokaryotes

Carotenoids comprise one of the most widespread classes of pigments found in nature. The first reactions of C40 carotenoid biosynthesis proceed through common intermediates in all organisms, suggesting the evolutionary conservation of early enzymes from this pathway. We report here the nucleotide sequence of three genes from the carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster of Erwinia herbicola, a nonphotosynthetic epiphytic bacterium, which encode homologs of the CrtB, CrtE, and CrtI proteins of Rhodobacter capsulatus, a purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium. CrtB (prephytoene pyrophosphate synthase), CrtE (phytoene synthase), and CrtI (phytoene dehydrogenase) are required for the first three reactions specific to the carotenoid branch of general isoprenoid metabolism. The homologous proteins from E. herbicola and R. capsulatus show sequence identities of 41.7% for CrtI, 33.7% for CrtB, and 30.8% for CrtE. E. herbicola and R. capsulatus CrtI also display 27.2% and 27.9% sequence identity, respectively, with R. capsulatus CrtD (methoxyneurosporene dehydrogenase). All three dehydrogenases possess a hydrophobic N-terminal domain containing a putative ADP-binding beta alpha beta fold characteristic of enzymes known to bind FAD or NAD(P) cofactors. In addition, E. herbicola and R. capsulatus CrtB show 25.2% and 23.3% respective sequence identities with the protein product of pTOM5, a tomato cDNA of unknown function that is differentially expressed during fruit ripening. These data indicate the structural conservation of early carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes in evolutionarily diverse organisms.