Structural Basis of HIV-1 Resistance to AZT by Excision

Overview

Journal Nat Struct Mol Biol

Specialties Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Date 2010 Sep 21

PMID 20852643

Citations 67

Authors

Xiongying Tu

Kalyan Das

Qianwei Han

Joseph D Bauman

Arthur D Clark Jr

Xiaorong Hou

Yulia V Frenkel

Barbara L Gaffney

Roger A Jones

Paul L Boyer

Stephen H Hughes

Stefan G Sarafianos

Eddy Arnold

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) develops resistance to 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine) by acquiring mutations in reverse transcriptase that enhance the ATP-mediated excision of AZT monophosphate from the 3' end of the primer. The excision reaction occurs at the dNTP-binding site, uses ATP as a pyrophosphate donor, unblocks the primer terminus and allows reverse transcriptase to continue viral DNA synthesis. The excision product is AZT adenosine dinucleoside tetraphosphate (AZTppppA). We determined five crystal structures: wild-type reverse transcriptase-double-stranded DNA (RT-dsDNA)-AZTppppA; AZT-resistant (AZTr; M41L D67N K70R T215Y K219Q) RT-dsDNA-AZTppppA; AZTr RT-dsDNA terminated with AZT at dNTP- and primer-binding sites; and AZTr apo reverse transcriptase. The AMP part of AZTppppA bound differently to wild-type and AZTr reverse transcriptases, whereas the AZT triphosphate part bound the two enzymes similarly. Thus, the resistance mutations create a high-affinity ATP-binding site. The structure of the site provides an opportunity to design inhibitors of AZT-monophosphate excision.

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