Permeant Anions Contribute to Voltage Dependence of ClC-2 Chloride Channel by Interacting with the Protopore Gate

It has been shown that the voltage (V(m)) dependence of ClC Cl(-) channels is conferred by interaction of the protopore gate with H(+) ions. However, in this paper we present evidence which indicates that permeant Cl(-) ions contribute to V(m)-dependent gating of the broadly distributed ClC-2 Cl() channel. The apparent open probability (P(A)) of ClC-2 was enhanced either by changing the [Cl(-)](i) from 10 to 200 mM or by keeping the [Cl(-)](i) low (10 mM) and then raising [Cl(-)](o) from 10 to 140 mM. Additionally, these changes in [Cl(-)] slowed down channel closing at positive V(m) suggesting that high [Cl(-)] increased pore occupancy thus hindering closing of the protopore gate. The identity of the permeant anion was also important since the P(A)(V(m)) curves were nearly identical with Cl(-) or Br(-) but shifted to negative voltages in the presence of SCN() ions. In addition, gating, closing rate and reversal potential displayed anomalous mole fraction behaviour in a SCN(-)/Cl() mixture in agreement with the idea that pore occupancy by different permeant anions modifies the V(m) dependence ClC-2 gating. Based on the ec1-ClC anion pathway, we hypothesized that opening of the protopore gate is facilitated when Cl(-) ions dwell in the central binding site. In contrast, when Cl(-) ions dwell in the external binding site they prevent the gate from closing. Finally, this Cl(-)-dependent gating in ClC-2 channels is of physiological relevance since an increase in [Cl(-)](o) enhances channel opening when the [Cl(-)](i) is in the physiological range.