Immunological Control of Fish Diseases

Overview

Journal Mar Biotechnol (NY)

Specialties Biology
Biotechnology

Date 2010 Mar 31

PMID 20352271

Citations 100

Authors

Bergljot Magnadottir

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates. Fish are therefore the first animal phyla to possess both an innate and adaptive immune system making them very interesting as regards developmental studies of the immune system. The massive increase in aquaculture in recent decades has also put greater emphasis on studies of the fish immune system and defence against diseases commonly associated with intensive fish rearing. Some of the main components of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish are described. The innate parameters are at the forefront of immune defence in fish and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. Some of the inherent and external factors that can manipulate the immune system of fish are discussed, the main fish diseases are listed and the pathogenicity and host defence discussed. The main prophylactic measures are covered, including vaccination, probiotics and immunostimulation. A key element in the immunological control of fish diseases is the great variation in disease susceptibility and immune defence of different fish species, a reflection of the extended time the present day teleosts have been separated in evolution. Future research will probably make use of molecular and proteomic tools both to study important elements in immune defence and prophylactic measures and to assist with breeding programmes for disease resistance.

Citing Articles

Advances and Challenges in Vaccine Development: Immunological Insights and Future Perspectives.

Miryala K, Swain B Vaccines (Basel). 2025; 13(2).

PMID: 40006748 PMC: 11861604. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines13020202.

Enhancement of Growth, Antioxidant Activity, and Immunity in Nile Tilapia () Through Recombinant Expressing L-Gulonolactone Oxidase.

Kaewda J, Boonanuntanasarn S, Sangsawad P, Manassila P, Nakharuthai C Antioxidants (Basel). 2025; 14(1).

PMID: 39857384 PMC: 11759777. DOI: 10.3390/antiox14010050.

Navigating Fish Immunity: Focus on Mucosal Immunity and the Evolving Landscape of Mucosal Vaccines.

Hopo M, Mabrok M, Abu-Elala N, Yu Y Biology (Basel). 2025; 13(12.

PMID: 39765647 PMC: 11727089. DOI: 10.3390/biology13120980.

Transcriptionally distinct B cell profiles in systemic immune tissues and peritoneal cavity of Atlantic salmon () infected with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3.

Jenberie S, Sandve S, To T, Kent M, Rimstad E, Jorgensen J Front Immunol. 2024; 15:1504836.

PMID: 39691715 PMC: 11649679. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1504836.

Expression Profiles of Housekeeping Genes and Tissue-Specific Genes in Different Tissues of Chinese Sturgeon ().

Li Y, Lv Y, Cheng P, Jiang Y, Deng C, Wang Y Animals (Basel). 2024; 14(23).

PMID: 39682323 PMC: 11639794. DOI: 10.3390/ani14233357.

References

Aranishi F, Mano N . Antibacterial cathepsins in different types of ambicoloured Japanese flounder skin. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2000; 10(1):87-9. DOI: 10.1006/fsim.1999.0225. View

Li J, Barreda D, Zhang Y, Boshra H, Gelman A, LaPatra S . B lymphocytes from early vertebrates have potent phagocytic and microbicidal abilities. Nat Immunol. 2006; 7(10):1116-24. DOI: 10.1038/ni1389. View

Picchietti S, Fausto A, Randelli E, Carnevali O, Taddei A, Buonocore F . Early treatment with Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain induces an increase in intestinal T-cells and granulocytes and modulates immune-related genes of larval Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008; 26(3):368-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.008. View

Kaattari S, Evans D, Klemer J . Varied redox forms of teleost IgM: an alternative to isotypic diversity?. Immunol Rev. 1999; 166:133-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01258.x. View

Akira S, Hemmi H . Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family. Immunol Lett. 2003; 85(2):85-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00228-6. View

Schultz U, Kaspers B, Staeheli P . The interferon system of non-mammalian vertebrates. Dev Comp Immunol. 2004; 28(5):499-508. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2003.09.009. View

Saeij J, Verburg-van Kemenade L, Van Muiswinkel W, Wiegertjes G . Daily handling stress reduces resistance of carp to Trypanoplasma borreli: in vitro modulatory effects of cortisol on leukocyte function and apoptosis. Dev Comp Immunol. 2003; 27(3):233-45. DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00093-9. View

Dexiang C, Ainsworth A . Effect of temperature on the immune system of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)--II. Adaptation of anterior kidney phagocytes to 10 degrees C. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 1991; 100(4):913-8. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90314-3. View

Aly S, Abdel-Galil Ahmed Y, Abdel-Aziz Ghareeb A, Mohamed M . Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008; 25(1-2):128-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.013. View

10.

Kumar S, Parameswaran V, Ishaq Ahmed V, Syed Musthaq S, Sahul Hameed A . Protective efficiency of DNA vaccination in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) against Vibrio anguillarum. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007; 23(2):316-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.11.005. View

11.

Wiklund T, Dalsgaard I . Occurrence and significance of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in non-salmonid and salmonid fish species: a review. Dis Aquat Organ. 1998; 32(1):49-69. DOI: 10.3354/dao032049. View

12.

Jorgensen J, Johansen L, Steiro K, Johansen A . CpG DNA induces protective antiviral immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Virol. 2003; 77(21):11471-9. PMC: 229259. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11471-11479.2003. View

13.

Lauzon H, Gudmundsdottir S, Pedersen M, Budde B, Gudmundsdottir B . Isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment. Vet Microbiol. 2008; 132(3-4):328-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.014. View

14.

Lockhart K, Bowden T, Ellis A . Poly I:C-induced Mx responses in Atlantic salmon parr, post-smolts and growers. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004; 17(3):245-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.03.008. View

15.

Schroeder H, Skelly P, Zipfel P, Losson B, Vanderplasschen A . Subversion of complement by hematophagous parasites. Dev Comp Immunol. 2008; 33(1):5-13. PMC: 2642905. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.010. View

16.

Harris J, Bird D . Modulation of the fish immune system by hormones. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001; 77(3-4):163-76. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00235-x. View

17.

Ellingsen T, Strand C, Monsen E, Bogwald J, Dalmo R . The ontogeny of complement component C3 in the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2005; 18(5):351-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.002. View

18.

Groocock G, Getchell R, Wooster G, Britt K, Batts W, Winton J . Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in round gobies in New York State (USA) waters of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Dis Aquat Organ. 2007; 76(3):187-92. DOI: 10.3354/dao076187. View

19.

Fuller R . Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol. 1989; 66(5):365-78. View

20.

Magnadottir B, Lange S, Steinarsson A, Gudmundsdottir S . The ontogenic development of innate immune parameters of cod (Gadus morhua L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2004; 139(2):217-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.07.009. View