Black-White Health Disparities in the United States and Chicago: a 15-year Progress Analysis

Overview

Journal Am J Public Health

Specialty Public Health

Date 2009 Dec 19

PMID 20019299

Citations 83

Authors

Jennifer M Orsi

Helen Margellos-Anast

Steven Whitman

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objectives: In an effort to examine national and Chicago, Illinois, progress in meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities, we examined whether disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White persons widened, narrowed, or stayed the same between 1990 and 2005.

Methods: We examined 15 health status indicators. We determined whether a disparity widened, narrowed, or remained unchanged between 1990 and 2005 by examining the percentage difference in rates between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations at both time points and at each location. We calculated P values to determine whether changes in percentage difference over time were statistically significant.

Results: Disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations widened for 6 of 15 health status indicators examined for the United States (5 significantly), whereas in Chicago the majority of disparities widened (11 of 15, 5 significantly).

Conclusions: Overall, progress toward meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities in the United States and in Chicago remains bleak. With more than 15 years of time and effort spent at the national and local level to reduce disparities, the impact remains negligible.

Citing Articles

Household air pollution disparities between socioeconomic groups in Chicago.

Krakowka W, Luo J, Craver A, Pinto J, Ahsan H, Olopade C Environ Res Commun. 2024; 6(9):091002.

PMID: 39238838 PMC: 11373614. DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad6d3f.

Targeting Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Health Care to Reduce Bias and Improve Population Health.

Hurd T, Cobb Payton F, Hood D Milbank Q. 2024; 102(3):577-604.

PMID: 39116187 PMC: 11576591. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12712.

Race and ethnic disparities arthroplasty trends and hotspots: Bibliometric analysis.

Nham F, Kassis E, Xu W, El-Othmani M, Sarpong N J Orthop. 2024; 56:141-150.

PMID: 38872840 PMC: 11167205. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.05.021.

Exploring predictors of substance use disorder treatment engagement with machine learning: The impact of social determinants of health in the therapeutic landscape.

Eddie D, Prindle J, Somodi P, Gerstmann I, Dilkina B, Saba S J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2024; 164:209435.

PMID: 38852819 PMC: 11300147. DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209435.

The Landscape of Health Technology for Equity Deserving Groups in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review.

Burton L, Milad F, Janke R, Rush K Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2024; 45(3):315-335.

PMID: 38713914 PMC: 11863508. DOI: 10.1177/2752535X241252208.

References

Cohen H, Northridge M . Getting political: racism and urban health. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(9 Suppl):S17-9. PMC: 2518583. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s17. View

Keppel K, Pearcy J, Klein R . Measuring progress in Healthy People 2010. Healthy People 2010 Stat Notes. 2004; (25):1-16. View

Phelan J, Link B . Controlling disease and creating disparities: a fundamental cause perspective. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005; 60 Spec No 2:27-33. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/60.special_issue_2.s27. View

Silva A, Whitman S, Margellos H, Ansell D . Evaluating Chicago's success in reaching the Healthy People 2000 goal of reducing health disparities. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):484-94. PMC: 1497369. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.484. View

Keppel K . Ten largest racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 Objectives. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166(1):97-103. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm044. View

Morales L, Staiger D, Horbar J, Carpenter J, Kenny M, Geppert J . Mortality among very low-birthweight infants in hospitals serving minority populations. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95(12):2206-12. PMC: 1449508. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.046730. View

Keppel K, Pearcy J, Wagener D . Trends in racial and ethnic-specific rates for the health status indicators: United States, 1990-98. Healthy People 2000 Stat Notes. 2002; (23):1-16. View

Williams D . Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 896:173-88. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x. View

Karnick P, Margellos-Anast H, Seals G, Whitman S, Aljadeff G, Johnson D . The pediatric asthma intervention: a comprehensive cost-effective approach to asthma management in a disadvantaged inner-city community. J Asthma. 2007; 44(1):39-44. DOI: 10.1080/02770900601125391. View

10.

Margellos H, Silva A, Whitman S . Comparison of health status indicators in chicago: are Black-White disparities worsening?. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94(1):116-21. PMC: 1449836. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.94.1.116. View

11.

Ayanian J . Determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in surgical care. World J Surg. 2008; 32(4):509-15. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9344-4. View

12.

Hirschman J, Whitman S, Ansell D . The black:white disparity in breast cancer mortality: the example of Chicago. Cancer Causes Control. 2007; 18(3):323-33. DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0102-y. View

13.

Williams D, Collins C . Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):404-16. PMC: 1497358. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.404. View

14.

Cooper R, Kennelly J, Durazo-Arvizu R, Oh H, Kaplan G, Lynch J . Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):464-73. PMC: 1497360. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.464. View

15.

Levine R, Foster J, FULLILOVE R, Fullilove M, Briggs N, Hull P . Black-white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933-1999: implications for healthy people 2010. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):474-83. PMC: 1497364. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.474. View

16.

Pearcy J, Keppel K . A summary measure of health disparity. Public Health Rep. 2002; 117(3):273-80. PMC: 1497430. DOI: 10.1093/phr/117.3.273. View

17.

Krieger N, Sidney S . Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health. 1996; 86(10):1370-8. PMC: 1380646. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370. View

18.

Whitman S . Racial disparities in health: taking it personally. Public Health Rep. 2002; 116(5):387-9. PMC: 1497359. DOI: 10.1093/phr/116.5.387. View

19.

Krieger N, Chen J, Waterman P, Rehkopf D, Subramanian S . Painting a truer picture of US socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health inequalities: the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95(2):312-23. PMC: 1449172. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.032482. View

20.

Epstein A, Ayanian J, Keogh J, Noonan S, Armistead N, Cleary P . Racial disparities in access to renal transplantation--clinically appropriate or due to underuse or overuse?. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(21):1537-44, 2 p preceding 1537. PMC: 4598055. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200011233432106. View