Management of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification

Overview

Journal Annu Rev Nutr

Publisher Annual Reviews

Specialty Nutritional Sciences

Date 2009 Apr 30

PMID 19400751

Citations 79

Authors

Faidon Magkos

Mary Yannakoulia

Jean L Chan

Christos S Mantzoros

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Sustainable lifestyle modifications in diet and physical activity are the initial, and often the primary, component in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. An energy-prudent diet, coupled with moderate levels of physical activity, favorably affects several parameters of the metabolic syndrome and delays the onset of diabetic complications. Weight loss, albeit not an absolute prerequisite for improvement, is a major determinant and maximizes effectiveness. Adopting a healthy lifestyle pattern requires a series of long-term behavioral changes, but evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations. This calls for greater research and public health efforts focusing on strategies to facilitate behavior modification.

Citing Articles

The Paradox of Digital Health: Why Middle-Aged Adults Outperform Young Adults in Health Management Utilization via Technology.

Jeong S, Nam Y Healthcare (Basel). 2024; 12(22).

PMID: 39595460 PMC: 11593793. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12222261.

The Mobile lifestyle intervention for food and exercise (mLife) study: Protocol of a remote behavioral weight loss randomized clinical trial for type 2 diabetes prevention.

DuBois K, Delgado-Diaz D, McGrievy M, Valafar H, Monroe C, Wilcox S Contemp Clin Trials. 2024; 148:107735.

PMID: 39522630 PMC: 11700768. DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107735.

The effect of results-based motivating system on metabolic risk factors of non-communicable diseases: A field trial study.

Asadi-Aliabadi M, Karimi S, Mirbaha-Hashemi F, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Janani L, Babaee E PLoS One. 2024; 19(10):e0311507.

PMID: 39418251 PMC: 11486381. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311507.

A Comprehensive Review of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Management.

Dhondge R, Agrawal S, Patil R, Kadu A, Kothari M Cureus. 2024; 16(8):e67428.

PMID: 39310549 PMC: 11416200. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67428.

The Effect of Curcumin on Reducing Atherogenic Risks in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Yaikwawong M, Jansarikit L, Jirawatnotai S, Chuengsamarn S Nutrients. 2024; 16(15).

PMID: 39125322 PMC: 11314193. DOI: 10.3390/nu16152441.

References

Singh R, Singh N, Rastogi S, Mani U, Niaz M . Effects of diet and lifestyle changes on atherosclerotic risk factors after 24 weeks on the Indian Diet Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71(15):1283-8. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90541-j. View

. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25):3143-421. View

Shimakawa T, Colditz G, Manson J, Stampfer M, Willett W, Stamper M . Comparison of diets of diabetic and nondiabetic women. Diabetes Care. 1993; 16(10):1356-62. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.16.10.1356. View

Cheung B, Ong K, Man Y, Wong L, Lau C, Lam K . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 according to different defining criteria. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006; 8(8):562-70. PMC: 8109527. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05414.x. View

Praet S, van Loon L . Optimizing the therapeutic benefits of exercise in Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007; 103(4):1113-20. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00566.2007. View

Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Sinclair K, Seger-Shippee L, Feldman H, Ludwig D . Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(5):976-82. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.5.976. View

Curioni C, Lourenco P . Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005; 29(10):1168-74. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803015. View

Beverly E, Miller C, Wray L . Spousal support and food-related behavior change in middle-aged and older adults living with type 2 diabetes. Health Educ Behav. 2007; 35(5):707-20. DOI: 10.1177/1090198107299787. View

Lantigua R, Amatruda J, Biddle T, FORBES G, Lockwood D . Cardiac arrhythmias associated with a liquid protein diet for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 1980; 303(13):735-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198009253031305. View

10.

Tupper T, Gopalakrishnan G . Prevention of diabetes development in those with the metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2007; 91(6):1091-105, viii-ix. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2007.06.006. View

11.

Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Feldman H, Lovesky M, Ludwig D . Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007; 297(19):2092-102. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.19.2092. View

12.

Sigal R, Kenny G, Wasserman D, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White R . Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(6):1433-8. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-9910. View

13.

Hamman R, Wing R, Edelstein S, Lachin J, Bray G, Delahanty L . Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(9):2102-7. PMC: 1762038. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0560. View

14.

Mokdad A, Ford E, Bowman B, Dietz W, Vinicor F, Bales V . Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2002; 289(1):76-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.1.76. View

15.

Astrup A, Grunwald G, Melanson E, Saris W, Hill J . The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24(12):1545-52. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801453. View

16.

Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas M . Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145(1):1-11. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004. View

17.

Wing R . Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31(11 Suppl):S547-52. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199911001-00010. View

18.

Wolever T, Mehling C, Chiasson J, Josse R, Leiter L, Maheux P . Low glycaemic index diet and disposition index in type 2 diabetes (the Canadian trial of carbohydrates in diabetes): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2008; 51(9):1607-15. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1093-x. View

19.

McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, ONeill K, Samman S, Steinbeck K . Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(14):1466-75. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466. View

20.

Franz M, Bantle J, Beebe C, Brunzell J, Chiasson J, Garg A . Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(1):148-98. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.148. View