Complex Genome-wide Transcription Dynamics Orchestrated by Blimp1 for the Specification of the Germ Cell Lineage in Mice

Specification of germ cell fate is fundamental in development. With a highly representative single-cell microarray and rigorous quantitative PCR analysis, we defined the genome-wide transcription dynamics that create primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the epiblast, a process that exclusively segregates them from their somatic neighbors. We also analyzed the effect of the loss of Blimp1, a key transcriptional regulator, on these dynamics. Our analysis revealed that PGC specification involves complex, yet highly ordered regulation of a large number of genes, proceeding under the strong influence of mesoderm induction but specifically avoiding developmental programs such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Hox cluster activation, cell cycle progression, and DNA methyltransferase machinery. Remarkably, Blimp1 is essential for repressing nearly all the genes normally down-regulated in PGCs relative to their somatic neighbors. In contrast, it is dispensable for the activation of approximately half of the genes up-regulated in PGCs, uncovering the Blimp1-independent events for PGC specification. Notably, however, highly PGC-specific genes exhibited distinct correlations to Blimp1 in wild-type embryos, and these correlations faithfully predicted their expression impairments in Blimp1 mutants. Moreover, their expression overlaps within single cells were severely damaged without Blimp1, demonstrating that Blimp1 exerts positive influence on their concerted activation. Thus, Blimp1 is not a single initiator but a dominant coordinator of the transcriptional program for the establishment of the germ cell fate in mice.