Identification of Everolimus Metabolite Patterns in Trough Blood Samples of Kidney Transplant Patients

Everolimus is used as an immunosuppressant after organ transplantation. It is extensively metabolized, mainly by cytochrome P4503A enzymes, resulting in several hydroxylated and demethylated metabolites. The structures of these metabolites after in vitro metabolism of everolimus by human liver microsomes have recently been identified. It was the goal to elucidate the everolimus metabolite patterns in 128 trough blood samples from kidney graft patients using high-performance liquid chromatography (LC)-ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with analysis of the fragmentation patterns of the metabolites isolated from patient blood and comparison with the metabolites generated in vitro. After identification, concentrations of the metabolites were estimated using LC-MS. Relative to the everolimus concentrations in trough blood samples, metabolite concentrations were [median (range), n = 128] 46-hydroxy 44.1% (0-784%), 24-hydroxy 7.7% (0-85.6%), and 25-hydroxy 14.4% (0-155.4%); 11-Hydroxy, 12-hydroxy, 14-hydroxy, 49-hydroxy, two hydroxy-piperidine everolimus metabolites, 16-O-desmethyl, 16,39-O-didesmethyl, 16,27-O-didesmethyl, and 27,39-O-didesmethyl everolimus were also detected. However, when detectable, concentrations were consistently between the lower limit of detection (0.1 microg/L) and the lower limit of quantification (0.25 microg/L) of our LC-MS assay. In most trough blood samples, the total metabolite concentrations were between 50% and 100% of the everolimus concentrations. The clinical importance of everolimus metabolites in blood of patients including pharmacodynamics, toxicodynamics, and cross-reactivity with the antibodies of immunoassays used for therapeutic drug monitoring remains to be evaluated.