Steven Santos

Background: Rapid, accessible, and accurate testing was paramount to an effective US COVID-19 response. Federal partners supported SARS-CoV-2 testing scale-up through an interagency-coordinated approach that focused on expanding supply chains,...

Self-tests* to detect current infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are valuable tools that guide individual decision-making and risk reduction (1-3). Increased self-test use (4) has likely contributed...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag selects and packages the HIV RNA genome during virus assembly. However, HIV-1 RNA constitutes only a small fraction of the cellular RNA. Although...

The post-entry events of HIV-1 infection occur within reverse transcription complexes derived from the viral cores entering the target cell. HIV-1 cores contain host proteins incorporated from virus-producing cells. In...

Macrophages and CD4-positive T lymphocytes are the major targets and producers of HIV-1. While the molecular details underlying HIV replication in macrophages and T cells become better understood, it remains...

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles produced by healthy and virus-infected cells. Exosomes derived from infected cells have been shown to contain viral microRNAs (miRNAs). HIV-1 encodes its own miRNAs that regulate...

Background: Upon HIV entry into target cells, viral cores are released and rearranged into reverse transcription complexes (RTCs), which support reverse transcription and also protect and transport viral cDNA to...