Linoleic Acid Potentiates TNF-mediated Oxidative Stress, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis, and Apoptosis of Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells

Diet-derived lipids may influence cytokine-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction, including TNF-induced apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium levels, endothelial barrier function, cell viability, and apoptosis were measured in vascular endothelial cells treated with 90 microM linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and/or 20 ng/mL TNF (100 U/mL). For short-term exposure, endothelial cells were exposed to 18:2 for 6 h or to TNF for 1.5 h. For long-term exposure, endothelial cultures were treated with 18:2 for 24 h and with TNF for 19.5 h. In cells exposed to 18:2 + TNF, pretreatment with 18:2 began 4.5 h before additional exposure to TNF for either 1.5 h (short-term exposure) or 19.5 h (long-term exposure). After treatment, endothelial cultures were washed and incubated with maintenance medium for up to 4 days. Although initial treatment with TNF or 18:2 significantly increased oxidative stress and intracellular calcium levels, only exposure to TNF induced apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells. Furthermore, the combined exposure to 18:2 + TNF potentiated TNF-induced apoptosis. Additional treatments with BAPTA-AM, n-propyl gallate, vitamin E, and with aurintricarboxylic acid partially protected against TNF- or 18:2 + TNF-induced apoptosis. The present study suggests that changes in the cellular lipid environment may markedly influence local TNF-induced events in the vascular endothelium, including endothelial cell apoptosis. Such mechanisms may play a role in the damage and death of vascular endothelial cells in atherosclerosis.