Synthesis, Characterization, and Immunochemical Detection of O6-(carboxymethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine: a DNA Adduct Formed by Nitrosated Glycine Derivatives

O6-(Carboxymethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6-CMdG) is formed in DNA by nitrosated glycine derivatives and appears to be nonrepairable by O6-alkylguanine transferases. O6-CMdG has been synthesized by an unambiguous route involving the introduction of a methyl glycolate moiety at C6 of a 3',5'-bis-O-(methoxyacetyl)dGuo derivative by displacement of a quinuclidinium ion. Methanolysis of the methoxyacetyl groups and calcium hydroxide-mediated hydrolysis of the methyl ester afforded the calcium salt of O6-CMdG in good yield. A similar route was used to synthesize O6-(carboxymethyl)guanosine (O6-CMGuo), which was used to prepare protein conjugates for immunization. Rabbit antisera were prepared, and a quantitative competitive ELISA was developed which showed 50% inhibition at 2 pmol of O6-CMdG/ well. O6-CMGuo was 30 times less cross-reactive (50% inhibition at 60 pmol/well), and normal nucleosides and carboxymethylated purines did not cross-react to any significant extent. The antiserum was also used to prepare reusable immunoaffinity columns which retained O6-CMdG. The binding of O6-CMdG was so strong that conditions used to elute the adduct (1 M trifluoroacetic acid) resulted in partial hydrolysis (becoming quantitative on heating) of the glycosidic bond to give O6-CMguanine which was detected by HPLC with fluorescence detection. DNA treated with azaserine (5 mmol), N-(N'-acetyl-L-prolyl)-N-nitrosoglycine (5 mmol), and potassium diazoacetate (5 mmol) afforded O6-CMdG at levels of 7.3, 393.9, and 496 mumol of O6-CMdG/mol of dG. The antiserum also recognized O6-CMdG in intact DNA.