Application of Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis to the Typing of Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Raw Milk, Nondairy Foods, and Clinical and Veterinary Sources

The powerful discriminatory typing capabilities of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were applied to Listeria monocytogenes strains from raw milk, nondairy foods, and clinical and veterinary sources. The raw milk and nondairy food strains were sequential isolates obtained over a year-long period from a number of different producers and manufacturers. Results obtained by the two typing methods were in substantial agreement and showed that both raw milk and nondairy foods frequently contain recurrent L. monocytogenes strains, thus suggesting that the presence of these organisms in such commodities often arises because of contamination from within their respective processing environments. Most recurrent strains were serogroup 1/2, with only one instance of recurrent serogroup 4 strains. Some recurrent L. monocytogenes strains, including the serogroup 4 strains, were found by analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis results to be closely related to clinical and veterinary strains, thus suggesting that strains adapted for survival in the food-processing environment retain their potential for pathogenicity.