Retinal Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Early Detection to Personalized Treatment

Overview

Journal J Clin Med

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2025 Feb 26

PMID 40004872

Authors

Georgios Chondrozoumakis

Eleftherios Chatzimichail

Oussama Habra

Efstathios Vounotrypidis

Nikolaos Papanas

Zisis Gatzioufas

Georgios D Panos

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss globally, with early detection and intervention critical to preventing severe outcomes. This narrative review examines the role of retinal biomarkers-molecular and imaging-in improving early diagnosis, tracking disease progression, and advancing personalized treatment for DR. Key biomarkers, such as inflammatory and metabolic markers, imaging findings from optical coherence tomography and fluorescence angiography and genetic markers, provide insights into disease mechanisms, help predict progression, and monitor responses to treatments, like anti-VEGF and corticosteroids. While challenges in standardization and clinical integration remain, these biomarkers hold promise for a precision medicine approach that could transform DR management through early, individualized care.

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