Nutraceutical Potential and Food Safety of Fructose in Soda and Diet Beverages

Overview

Journal Foods

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2025 Feb 26

PMID 40002094

Authors

Marcos Mateo-Fernandez

Pilar Alves-Martinez

Mercedes Del Rio-Celestino

Rafael Font

Tania Merinas-Amo

Angeles Alonso-Moraga

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Fructose has been considered as an additive from soda beverages. For the approval of new additives or to extend the usage of an approved one, it is necessary to conduct toxicological studies in order to evaluate the DNA damage induced by these compounds. Our study is based on evaluating the safety and the nutraceutical potential of Fructose (FRU), a soda cola beverage (Pepsi-cola, PEP), and a diet soda cola (Diet Coke, DCC), characterizing the DNA changes induced in the organism model and in the human leukemia HL-60 cells performing different assays. Our results showed neither the toxicity nor mutagenic activity of FRU, PEP, and DCC in , while only PEP exhibited protective effects in the antitoxity assay, showing an 80% survival rate in combined treatments. FRU, but not PEP, enhanced lifespan parameters by up to 23 more days at the 5 mg/mL concentration. All three substances exhibited chemopreventive properties in some of the checkpoints carried out related to clastogenicity and methylation patterns in HL-60 cells. In conclusion, the tested compounds were safe at tested concentrations in and showed moderate chemopreventive activity.

References

Boissinot S, Entezam A, Furano A . Selection against deleterious LINE-1-containing loci in the human lineage. Mol Biol Evol. 2001; 18(6):926-35. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003893. View

Suzuki M, Bird A . DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2008; 9(6):465-76. DOI: 10.1038/nrg2341. View

Nomura K, Yamanouchi T . The role of fructose-enriched diets in mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2011; 23(3):203-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.09.006. View

Anter J, Tasset I, Demyda-Peyras S, Ranchal I, Moreno-Millan M, Romero-Jimenez M . Evaluation of potential antigenotoxic, cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of the olive oil by-product "alperujo", hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and verbascoside. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2014; 772:25-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.07.002. View

Eluwa M, Inyangmme I, Akpantah A, Ekanem T, Ekong M, Asuquo O . A comparative study of the effect of diet and soda carbonated drinks on the histology of the cerebellum of adult female albino Wistar rats. Afr Health Sci. 2013; 13(3):541-5. PMC: 3824455. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i3.1. View

Maes P, Monakhova Y, Kuballa T, Reusch H, Lachenmeier D . Qualitative and quantitative control of carbonated cola beverages using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60(11):2778-84. PMC: 3309609. DOI: 10.1021/jf204777m. View

Ja W, Carvalho G, Mak E, de la Rosa N, Fang A, Liong J . Prandiology of Drosophila and the CAFE assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104(20):8253-6. PMC: 1899109. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702726104. View

Sasaki K, Takeda M, Uchiyama M . Toxicity, absorption and elimination of phosphoric acid triesters by killifish and goldfish. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1981; 27(6):775-82. DOI: 10.1007/BF01611095. View

Beckingham K, Armstrong J, Texada M, Munjaal R, Baker D . Drosophila melanogaster--the model organism of choice for the complex biology of multi-cellular organisms. Gravit Space Biol Bull. 2005; 18(2):17-29. View

10.

Ting D, Lipson D, Paul S, Brannigan B, Akhavanfard S, Coffman E . Aberrant overexpression of satellite repeats in pancreatic and other epithelial cancers. Science. 2011; 331(6017):593-6. PMC: 3701432. DOI: 10.1126/science.1200801. View

11.

Anter J, Fernandez-Bedmar Z, Villatoro-Pulido M, Demyda-Peyras S, Moreno-Millan M, Alonso-Moraga A . A pilot study on the DNA-protective, cytotoxic, and apoptosis-inducing properties of olive-leaf extracts. Mutat Res. 2011; 723(2):165-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.05.005. View

12.

Yan J, Huen D, Morely T, Johnson G, Gubb D, Roote J . The multiple-wing-hairs gene encodes a novel GBD-FH3 domain-containing protein that functions both prior to and after wing hair initiation. Genetics. 2008; 180(1):219-28. PMC: 2535676. DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.091314. View

13.

Hrncir T, Trckova E, Hrncirova L . Synergistic Effects of Fructose and Food Preservatives on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): From Gut Microbiome Alterations to Hepatic Gene Expression. Nutrients. 2024; 16(21). PMC: 11547954. DOI: 10.3390/nu16213722. View

14.

Marzio A, Merigliano C, Gatti M, Verni F . Sugar and chromosome stability: clastogenic effects of sugars in vitamin B6-deficient cells. PLoS Genet. 2014; 10(3):e1004199. PMC: 3961173. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004199. View

15.

Abraham S, Singh S . Anti-genotoxicity and glutathione S-transferase activity in mice pretreated with caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999; 37(7):733-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00053-8. View

16.

Cui C, Wang C, Han S, Yu D, Zhu L, Jiang P . Impact of a long-term high-fructose diet on systemic metabolic profiles of mice. FASEB Bioadv. 2022; 4(8):560-572. PMC: 9353457. DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00152. View

17.

Magenis M, Damiani A, de Oliveira Monteiro I, Dagostin L, Silva N, Scussel R . Maternal exercise during pregnancy modulates genotoxicity caused by high fructose consumption in mice offspring. Mutagenesis. 2023; 39(2):119-140. DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead035. View

18.

Li S, Chen K, Li X, Zhang X, Liu S . A new cultivation system for studying chemical effects on the lifespan of the fruit fly. Exp Gerontol. 2009; 45(2):158-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.11.004. View

19.

Allen R, Tresini M . Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(3):463-99. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00242-7. View

20.

Gyori B, Venkatachalam G, Thiagarajan P, Hsu D, Clement M . OpenComet: an automated tool for comet assay image analysis. Redox Biol. 2014; 2:457-65. PMC: 3949099. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.020. View