Inhibition of Amyloid-beta Aggregation by Phenyl Butyric Acid Analogs and Bile Acids: a Comprehensive in Silico Study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder defined by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles within the brain. Current pharmacological treatments for AD only provide symptomatic relief, and there is a lack of definitive disease-modifying therapies. Chemical chaperones, such as 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) and Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, have shown neuroprotective effects in animal and cell culture models. However, their therapeutic application is limited due to low bioavailability and poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The study aims to design and identify novel derivatives of 4PBA analogs & bile acids using computational molecular docking, ADME/pharmacokinetic predictions, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to develop potential anti-aggregation compounds targeting Aβ, a key player in AD pathology. A comprehensive library of 25,802 derivatives was created using 3PPA, 3MPP, 5PVA, IPA, and bile acid scaffolds, which were examined for their pharmacokinetic characteristics and binding affinities with the Aβ protein. Molecular docking and ADME predictions revealed IPA-1 and DCA-1 as leading candidates due to their robust binding interactions with the Aβ protein, along with minimal toxicity, high solubility, and good absorption profiles. Further, MD analysis over an extended period at 100 ns confirmed the better stability of IPA-1 and DCA-1 during interaction with the protein. These findings highlight promising drug candidates, necessitating further validation through cell and animal studies.