In Vivo Simultaneous Proton Resonance Frequency Shift Thermometry and Single Reference Variable Flip Angle T Measurements

Purpose: The single reference variable flip angle sequence with a multi-echo stack of stars acquisition (SR-VFA-SoS) simultaneously measures temperature change using proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift and T-based thermometry methods. This work evaluates SR-VFA-SoS thermometry in MR-guided focused ultrasound in an in vivo rabbit model.

Methods: Simultaneous PRF shift thermometry and T-based thermometry were obtained in a New Zealand white rabbit model (n = 7) during MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery using the SR-VFA-SoS sequence at 3 T. Distinct locations in muscle (n = 16), fat (n = 12), or the interface of both tissues (n = 23) were heated. The T-temperature coefficient of fat was determined using least-squares fitting of inversion recovery-based T maps of untreated fat harvested from the animal and was applied to the in vivo measured heat-induced T changes to create temperature maps.

Results: Using k-space weighted image contrast reconstruction, temporal resolution of 1.71 s was achieved for simultaneous thermometry at 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 mm voxel resolution. PRF shift thermometry was not sensitive to heating in fat. T changes were observed in fat at the ultrasound focus. The mean T-temperature coefficient for fat was determined to be 1.9%/°C ± 0.2%/°C. Precision was 0.76°C ± 0.18°C for PRF shift thermometry in muscle and 1.93°C ± 0.60°C for T-based thermometry in fat. Sonications in muscle showed an increase in T of 2.4%/°C ± 0.9%/°C.

Conclusion: The SR-VFA-SoS sequence was shown to simultaneously measure temperature change using PRF shift and T-based methods in an in vivo model, providing thermometry for both aqueous and fat tissues.