Tetrodotoxin: The State-of-the-Art Progress in Characterization, Detection, Biosynthesis, and Transport Enrichment

Overview

Journal Mar Drugs

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Biology
Pharmacology

Date 2024 Dec 27

PMID 39728106

Authors

Xinxin Zhang

Kun Qiao

Ruimin Cui

Min Xu

Shuilin Cai

Qilin Huang

Zhiyu Liu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxin that binds to sodium channels and blocks sodium conduction. Importantly, TTX has been increasingly detected in edible aquatic organisms. Because of this and the lack of specific antidotes, TTX poisoning is now a major threat to public health. However, it is of note that ultra-low dose TTX is an excellent analgesic with great medicinal value. These contradictory effects highlight the need for further research to elucidate the impacts and functional mechanisms of TTX. This review summarizes the latest research progress in relation to TTX sources, analogs, mechanisms of action, detection methods, poisoning symptoms, therapeutic options, biosynthesis pathways, and mechanisms of transport and accumulation in pufferfish. This review also provides a theoretical basis for reducing the poisoning risks associated with TTX and for establishing an effective system for its use and management to ensure the safety of fisheries and human health.

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