Portable Amperometric Biosensor Enhanced with Enzyme-Ternary Nanocomposites for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Detection

Overview

Journal Biosensors (Basel)

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2024 Dec 27

PMID 39727888

Authors

Thenmozhi Rajarathinam

Sivaguru Jayaraman

Chang-Seok Kim

Jaewon Lee

Seung-Cheol Chang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Enzyme-based portable amperometric biosensors are precise and low-cost medical devices used for rapid cancer biomarker screening. Sarcosine (Sar) is an ideal biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). Because human serum and urine contain complex interfering substances that can directly oxidize at the electrode surface, rapid Sar screening biosensors are relatively challenging and have rarely been reported. Therefore, highly sensitive and selective amperometric biosensors that enable real-time measurements within <1.0 min are needed. To achieve this, a chitosan-polyaniline polymer nanocomposite (CS-PANI NC), a carrier for dispersing mesoporous carbon (MC), was synthesized and modified on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to detect hydrogen peroxide (HO). The sarcosine oxidase (SOx) enzyme-immobilized CS-PANI-MC-2 ternary NCs were referred to as supramolecular architectures (SMAs). The excellent electron transfer ability of the SMA-modified SPCE (SMA/SPCE) sensor enabled highly sensitive HO detection for immediate trace Sar biomarker detection. Therefore, the system included an SMA/SPCE coupled to a portable potentiostat linked to a smartphone for data acquisition. The high catalytic activity, porous architecture, and sufficient biocompatibility of CS-PANI-MC ternary NCs enabled bioactivity retention and immobilized SOx stability. The fabricated biosensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.077 μM and sensitivity of 8.09 μA mM cm toward Sar, demonstrating great potential for use in rapid PCa screening.

References

Rajarathinam T, Kwon M, Thirumalai D, Kim S, Lee S, Yoon J . Polymer-dispersed reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and Prussian blue modified biosensor for amperometric detection of sarcosine. Anal Chim Acta. 2021; 1175:338749. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338749. View

Konwar A, Kalita S, Kotoky J, Chowdhury D . Chitosan-Iron Oxide Coated Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogel: A Robust and Soft Antimicrobial Biofilm. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8(32):20625-34. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07510. View

Hroncekova S, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E, Lorencova L, Vikartovska A . Ultrasensitive TiCT MXene/Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Amperometric Biosensor for Detection of Potential Prostate Cancer Marker in Urine Samples. Processes (Basel). 2020; 8(5):580. PMC: 7116456. DOI: 10.3390/pr8050580. View

Collins C, Berduque A, Arrigan D . Electrochemically modulated liquid-liquid extraction of ionized drugs under physiological conditions. Anal Chem. 2008; 80(21):8102-8. DOI: 10.1021/ac800646b. View

Lou Z, Zhao S, Wang Q, Wei H . N-Doped Carbon As Peroxidase-Like Nanozymes for Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay. Anal Chem. 2019; 91(23):15267-15274. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04333. View

Yang Q, Li N, Li Q, Chen S, Wang H, Yang H . Amperometric sarcosine biosensor based on hollow magnetic Pt-FeO@C nanospheres. Anal Chim Acta. 2019; 1078:161-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.031. View

Huffman B, Bredar A, Dempsey J . Origins of non-ideal behaviour in voltammetric analysis of redox-active monolayers. Nat Rev Chem. 2024; 8(8):628-643. DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00629-8. View

Wang Q, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Du D, Yang H, Lin Y . Amperometric sarcosine biosensor with strong anti-interference capabilities based on mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019; 141:111431. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111431. View

Wang Q, Yang C, Yang Q, Yu S, Yang H . Platinum-loaded mesoporous nickel phosphonate and its electrochemical application for sarcosine detection. Anal Chim Acta. 2018; 1046:93-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.027. View

10.

Kim J, Suh Y, Park D, Yim H, Kim H, Kim H . Technological advances in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of disease biomarkers. Biomed Eng Lett. 2021; 11(4):309-334. PMC: 8396145. DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00204-w. View

11.

Youssef A, Hasanin M, El-Aziz M, Turky G . Conducting chitosan/hydroxylethyl cellulose/polyaniline bionanocomposites hydrogel based on graphene oxide doped with Ag-NPs. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 167:1435-1444. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.097. View

12.

Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel R, Soerjomataram I . Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024; 74(3):229-263. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21834. View

13.

Yadav S, Devi R, Kumar A, Pundir C . Tri-enzyme functionalized ZnO-NPs/CHIT/c-MWCNT/PANI composite film for amperometric determination of creatinine. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011; 28(1):64-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.044. View

14.

Jiang Y, Cheng X, Wang C, Ma Y . Quantitative determination of sarcosine and related compounds in urinary samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2010; 82(21):9022-7. DOI: 10.1021/ac1019914. View

15.

Kirchner E, Hirsch T . Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta. 2020; 187(8):441. PMC: 7354370. DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04415-3. View

16.

Sreekumar A, Poisson L, Rajendiran T, Khan A, Cao Q, Yu J . Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009; 457(7231):910-4. PMC: 2724746. DOI: 10.1038/nature07762. View

17.

Khan R, Dhayal M . Chitosan/polyaniline hybrid conducting biopolymer base impedimetric immunosensor to detect Ochratoxin-A. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008; 24(6):1700-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.046. View

18.

Kumar P, Narwal V, Jaiwal R, Pundir C . Construction and application of amperometric sarcosine biosensor based on SOxNPs/AuE for determination of prostate cancer. Biosens Bioelectron. 2018; 122:140-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.003. View

19.

Rebelo T, Pereira C, Sales M, Noronha J, Costa-Rodrigues J, Silva F . Sarcosine oxidase composite screen-printed electrode for sarcosine determination in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta. 2014; 850:26-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.005. View

20.

Tkac J, Gajdosova V, Hroncekova S, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E . Prostate-specific antigen glycoprofiling as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of prostate cancer. Interface Focus. 2019; 9(2):20180077. PMC: 6388024. DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0077. View