Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection Via ENose Technology: A Systematic Review

Overview

Journal Sensors (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2024 Dec 17

PMID 39686404

Authors

Washington Ramirez

Veronica Pillajo

Eileen Ramirez

Ibeth Manzano

Doris Meza

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

This paper offers a systematic review of advancements in electronic nose technologies for early cancer detection with a particular focus on the detection and analysis of volatile organic compounds present in biomarkers such as breath, urine, saliva, and blood. Our objective is to comprehensively explore how these biomarkers can serve as early indicators of various cancers, enhancing diagnostic precision and reducing invasiveness. A total of 120 studies published between 2018 and 2023 were examined through systematic mapping and literature review methodologies, employing the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design) methodology to guide the analysis. Of these studies, 65.83% were ranked in Q1 journals, illustrating the scientific rigor of the included research. Our review synthesizes both technical and clinical perspectives, evaluating sensor-based devices such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry with reported incidences of 30 and 8 studies, respectively. Key analytical techniques including Support Vector Machine, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Networks were identified as the most prevalent, appearing in 22, 24, and 13 studies, respectively. While substantial improvements in detection accuracy and sensitivity are noted, significant challenges persist in sensor optimization, data integration, and adaptation into clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis bridges existing research gaps and lays a foundation for the development of non-invasive diagnostic devices. By refining detection technologies and advancing clinical applications, this work has the potential to transform cancer diagnostics, offering higher precision and reduced reliance on invasive procedures. Our aim is to provide a robust knowledge base for researchers at all experience levels, presenting insights on sensor capabilities, metrics, analytical methodologies, and the transformative impact of emerging electronic nose technologies in clinical practice.

References

Saaiq M, Ashraf B . Modifying "Pico" Question into "Picos" Model for More Robust and Reproducible Presentation of the Methodology Employed in A Scientific Study. World J Plast Surg. 2017; 6(3):390-392. PMC: 5714990. View

van Liere E, van Dijk L, Bosch S, Vermeulen L, Heymans M, Burchell G . Urinary volatile organic compounds for colorectal cancer screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2023; 186:69-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.03.002. View

Woollam M, Teli M, Angarita-Rivera P, Liu S, Siegel A, Yokota H . Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Urine via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry QTOF to Differentiate Between Localized and Metastatic Models of Breast Cancer. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):2526. PMC: 6384920. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38920-0. View

Diaz de Leon-Martinez L, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Gorocica-Rosete P, Dominguez-Reyes C, Martinez-Bustos V, Tenorio-Torres J . Identification of profiles of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath by means of an electronic nose as a proposal for a screening method for breast cancer: a case-control study. J Breath Res. 2020; 14(4):046009. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba83f. View

Capelli L, Bax C, Grizzi F, Taverna G . Optimization of training and measurement protocol for eNose analysis of urine headspace aimed at prostate cancer diagnosis. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1):20898. PMC: 8536694. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00033-y. View

Vadala R, Pattnaik B, Bangaru S, Rai D, Tak J, Kashyap S . A review on electronic nose for diagnosis and monitoring treatment response in lung cancer. J Breath Res. 2023; 17(2). DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acb791. View

Daulton E, Wicaksono A, Tiele A, Kocher H, Debernardi S, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T . Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the non-invasive detection of pancreatic cancer from urine. Talanta. 2020; 221:121604. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121604. View

Fielding D, Hartel G, Pass D, Davis M, Brown M, Dent A . Volatile organic compound breath testing detects in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of bronchial and laryngeal regions and shows distinct profiles of each tumour. J Breath Res. 2020; 14(4):046013. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abb18a. View

Sutaria S, Gori S, Morris J, Xie Z, Fu X, Nantz M . Lipid Peroxidation Produces a Diverse Mixture of Saturated and Unsaturated Aldehydes in Exhaled Breath That Can Serve as Biomarkers of Lung Cancer-A Review. Metabolites. 2022; 12(6). PMC: 9229171. DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060561. View

10.

Wang P, Huang Q, Meng S, Mu T, Liu Z, He M . Identification of lung cancer breath biomarkers based on perioperative breathomics testing: A prospective observational study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022; 47:101384. PMC: 9035731. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101384. View

11.

Chernov V, Choynzonov E, Kulbakin D, Obkhodskaya E, Obkhodskiy A, Popov A . Cancer Diagnosis by Neural Network Analysis of Data from Semiconductor Sensors. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020; 10(9). PMC: 7555125. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090677. View

12.

Gashimova E, Temerdashev A, Porkhanov V, Polyakov I, Perunov D, Azaryan A . Investigation of different approaches for exhaled breath and tumor tissue analyses to identify lung cancer biomarkers. Heliyon. 2020; 6(6):e04224. PMC: 7305397. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04224. View

13.

Moura P, Raposo M, Vassilenko V . Breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers for the diagnosis of pathological conditions: A review. Biomed J. 2023; 46(4):100623. PMC: 10339195. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100623. View

14.

Bhandari M, Polaka I, Vangravs R, Mezmale L, Veliks V, Kirshners A . Volatile Markers for Cancer in Exhaled Breath-Could They Be the Signature of the Gut Microbiota?. Molecules. 2023; 28(8). PMC: 10141340. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083488. View

15.

Almonte M, Murillo R, Sanchez G, Jeronimo J, Salmeron J, Ferreccio C . [New paradigms and challenges in cervical cancer prevention and control in Latin America]. Salud Publica Mex. 2011; 52(6):544-59. DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342010000600010. View

16.

Liu M, Li Y, Wang G, Guo N, Liu D, Li D . Release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from colorectal cancer cell line LS174T. Anal Biochem. 2019; 581:113340. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.06.011. View

17.

Gao Q, Su X, Annabi M, Schreiter B, Prince T, Ackerman A . Application of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019; 17(3):183-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.02.003. View

18.

Mochalski P, Leja M, Gasenko E, Skapars R, Santare D, Sivins A . Ex vivo emission of volatile organic compounds from gastric cancer and non-cancerous tissue. J Breath Res. 2018; 12(4):046005. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aacbfb. View

19.

Chen K, Liu L, Nie B, Lu B, Fu L, He Z . Recognizing lung cancer and stages using a self-developed electronic nose system. Comput Biol Med. 2021; 131:104294. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104294. View

20.

Bosch S, Berkhout D, Ben Larbi I, de Meij T, de Boer N . Fecal volatile organic compounds for early detection of colorectal cancer: where are we now?. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018; 145(1):223-234. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2821-3. View