Associations Between Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults

Overview

Journal Am J Lifestyle Med

Publisher Sage Publications

Date 2024 Nov 18

PMID 39554940

Authors

Elizabeth Moxley

Marc Conrad

Desale Habtezgi

Clayton Camic

Peter Joseph Chomentowski 3rd

Barrie P Bode

Rachel Kowal

Troy Loeser

Sara Budhwani

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts 50% of U.S. adults although few studies evaluate young adults' cardiovascular disease risk. Early identification of cardiovascular disease risk may mitigate increased adulthood incidence. We analyzed (CVD) risk factors and their association with cardiovascular fitness ( omax) to devise effective strategies to improve cardiovascular health across the lifespan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults aged 18 to 36 years. Glycemic control (HbA), cardiovascular fitness ( omax), percent body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression.

Results: Statistically significant relationships were observed between percent body fat (r = .83, < .001) and BMI, and waist circumference (r = .83, < .001) and BMI. Percent body fat ( < .001) and race ( = .018) predicted exercise time, with Asians exercising the longest. Percent fat ( < .001) and HbA ( = .039) were identified as predictors of cardiovascular fitness which was low in spite of primarily normal average HbA levels.

Conclusions: HbA and body fat negatively influence cardiovascular fitness ( omax) in young adults increasing adulthood cardiovascular disease risk. Research investigating the effect of HbA on cardiovascular health especially in youth is warranted.

References

Gooding H, Shay C, Ning H, Gillman M, Chiuve S, Reis J . Optimal Lifestyle Components in Young Adulthood Are Associated With Maintaining the Ideal Cardiovascular Health Profile Into Middle Age. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015; 4(11). PMC: 4845225. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002048. View

Hamer M, Chastin S, Viner R, Stamatakis E . Childhood Obesity and Device-Measured Sedentary Behavior: An Instrumental Variable Analysis of 3,864 Mother-Offspring Pairs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020; 29(1):220-225. DOI: 10.1002/oby.23025. View

Zhen J, Liu S, Zhao G, Peng H, Samaranayake N, Xu A . Association of waist circumference with haemoglobin A1c and its optimal cutoff for identifying prediabetes and diabetes risk in the Chinese population. Intern Emerg Med. 2022; 17(7):2039-2044. PMC: 9522717. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03072-z. View

Franklin B, Eijsvogels T, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth P . Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise.... Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 12:100425. PMC: 9586849. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100425. View

Ekelund U, Kolle E, Steene-Johannessen J, Dalene K, Nilsen A, Anderssen S . Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity and associations with body weight gain: does body weight determine a decline in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity?. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017; 41(12):1769-1774. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.186. View

Aggarwal R, Yeh R, Joynt Maddox K, Wadhera R . Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence, Treatment, and Control in US Adults Aged 20 to 44 Years, 2009 to March 2020. JAMA. 2023; 329(11):899-909. PMC: 9986841. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.2307. View

Peters S, Bots S, Woodward M . Sex Differences in the Association Between Measures of General and Central Adiposity and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Results From the UK Biobank. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7(5). PMC: 5866342. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008507. View

Kim J, Jeon J . Role of exercise on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function: is exercise sufficient for the prevention of youth-onset type 2 diabetes?. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 25(4):208-216. PMC: 7788350. DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040140.070. View

Bowden Davies K, Pickles S, Sprung V, Kemp G, Alam U, Moore D . Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: metabolic and musculoskeletal implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 10:2042018819888824. PMC: 6878603. DOI: 10.1177/2042018819888824. View

10.

Guthold R, Stevens G, Riley L, Bull F . Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6(10):e1077-e1086. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7. View

11.

Sloan R, Kim Y, Kenyon J, Visentini-Scarzanella M, Sawada S, Sui X . Association between Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Abnormal Glucose Risk: A Cohort Study. J Clin Med. 2023; 12(7). PMC: 10095416. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072740. View

12.

Fridolfsson J, Buck C, Hunsberger M, Baran J, Lauria F, Molnar D . High-intensity activity is more strongly associated with metabolic health in children compared to sedentary time: a cross-sectional study of the I.Family cohort. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021; 18(1):90. PMC: 8261968. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01156-1. View

13.

Laukkanen J, Isiozor N, Kunutsor S . Objectively Assessed Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis of 37 Cohort Studies Involving 2,258,029 Participants. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022; 97(6):1054-1073. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.02.029. View

14.

Kanaley J, Colberg S, Corcoran M, Malin S, Rodriguez N, Crespo C . Exercise/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022; 54(2):353-368. PMC: 8802999. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800. View

15.

Loprinzi P, Branscum A, Hanks J, Smit E . Healthy Lifestyle Characteristics and Their Joint Association With Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in US Adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016; 91(4):432-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.009. View

16.

Biddinger K, Emdin C, Haas M, Wang M, Hindy G, Ellinor P . Association of Habitual Alcohol Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5(3):e223849. PMC: 8956974. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3849. View

17.

Shetty N, Parcha V, Patel N, Yadav I, Basetty C, Li C . AHA Life's essential 8 and ideal cardiovascular health among young adults. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2023; 13:100452. PMC: 9830108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100452. View

18.

LaMonte M . Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2024; 23(11):382. PMC: 11269081. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2311382. View

19.

Poitras V, Gray C, Borghese M, Carson V, Chaput J, Janssen I . Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016; 41(6 Suppl 3):S197-239. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0663. View

20.

Hill J, Galloway J, Goley A, Marrero D, Minners R, Montgomery B . Scientific statement: Socioecological determinants of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(8):2430-9. PMC: 3714478. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1161. View