Are There Differences in Short-Term Postoperative Outcomes Among Surgical Subspecialists Performing Lower Extremity Flap Procedures? A National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) Analysis of 1324 Patients

Soft tissue flaps are an integral and versatile tool to help manage soft tissue defects of varying severities. These complex procedures can be done by a variety of specialties and can lead to a variety of postoperative complications. Locoregional flaps are the middle rung of the reconstructive ladder and can be performed by surgeons of various training pathways. The profile of patients and their complications when stratified by surgical specialty is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare short-term postoperative outcomes between surgical subspecialists performing a locoregional flap of the lower extremity to determine factors influencing complication rates. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database was queried using Current Procedural Terminology code 15,738 to identify adult patients undergoing a muscle, myocutaneous, or fasciocutaneous lower extremity flap procedure from 2016 to 2019. We examined the primary outcome of a pooled wound complication rate with secondary outcomes including the individual NSQIP wound- and nonwound complications. A total of 1324 patients were identified. Plastic surgeons performed 926 (70%) procedures, general surgeons performed 243 (18%) procedures, orthopedic surgeons performed 89 (7%) procedures, and vascular surgeons performed 66 (5%) procedures. On multivariate analysis, surgical subspecialty was not associated with the primary outcome, but malignancy-related operations and nonelective status were considered significant. Patient characteristics, but not surgeon subspecialty, account for the variation in patient outcomes in lower extremity flap reconstruction. Larger, prospective studies examining these outcomes are needed to further characterize complication risk factors in this patient population.