Antioxidative Properties, Phenolic Compounds, and In vitro Protective Efficacy of Multi-herbal Hydro-alcoholic Extracts of Ginger, Turmeric, and Thyme Against the Toxicity of Aflatoxin B on Mouse Macrophage RAW264.7 Cell Line

Overview

Journal Food Sci Nutr

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2024 Oct 31

PMID 39479629

Authors

Nina Nazdar

Ahmad Imani

Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani

Mohsen Farzaneh

Kourosh Sarvi Moghanlou

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Aflatoxin B (AFB), the most potent toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolite, has frequently been reported in food/feed. Nowadays, herbal extracts are considered safe dietary additives to reduce the toxicity of such compounds. The protective capability of various combinations of hydro-alcoholic extracts (HAEs) of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme, against the toxicity of AFB on the RAW264.7 cell line was investigated. The RAW264.7 cells were exposed to six different concentrations of AFB (0.09, 0.18, 0.37, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg mL) for 48 h to determine the IC of AFB. AFB was estimated to have an IC of 1.5 μg mL for RAW264.7 cells. Then, the cells were simultaneously incubated with 1.5 μg mL AFB and the HAEs for 24 h. The HAEs significantly reduced the toxicity of AFB in RAW264.7 cells. HAE of Shirazi thyme showed the highest amount of total phenol content (TPC) and the highest DPPH• activity. In addition, a combination of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. Rutin, quercetin, and apigenin were the main phenolic components of ginger HAE. A significantly positive correlation was observed between TPC of hydro-alcoholic extract with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) values. Consequently, the simultaneous consumption of such extracts is recommended to protect the cells against dietary toxins.

Citing Articles

A Brief Review on Aflatoxicosis in Aquaculture With a Focus on Fish.

Ziarati M, Imani A, Ghafarifarsani H, Bhatt D Aquac Nutr. 2024; 2024:3130230.

PMID: 39713178 PMC: 11663045. DOI: 10.1155/anu/3130230.

References

Pandey M, Khatoon S, Rastogi S, Rawat A . Determination of flavonoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Tephrosia purpurea: a seasonal study. J Integr Med. 2016; 14(6):447-455. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60276-5. View

Ma J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L . Transcriptional Profiling of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13(6). PMC: 8228812. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060401. View

Devassy J, Nwachukwu I, Jones P . Curcumin and cancer: barriers to obtaining a health claim. Nutr Rev. 2015; 73(3):155-65. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu064. View

Prasad S, Gupta S, Tyagi A, Aggarwal B . Curcumin, a component of golden spice: from bedside to bench and back. Biotechnol Adv. 2014; 32(6):1053-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.004. View

Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin M, Mazur M, Telser J . Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006; 39(1):44-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001. View

Gulcin I . Antioxidant activity of L-adrenaline: a structure-activity insight. Chem Biol Interact. 2008; 179(2-3):71-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.023. View

Zhang J, Zheng N, Liu J, Li F, Li S, Wang J . Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015; 83:54-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.020. View

Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M, Khan A . Structural Analysis and Biological Toxicity of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 Degradation Products Following Detoxification by Ocimum basilicum and Cassia fistula Aqueous Extracts. Front Microbiol. 2016; 7:1105. PMC: 4943962. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01105. View

Wang F, Xie F, Xue X, Wang Z, Fan B, Ha Y . Structure elucidation and toxicity analyses of the radiolytic products of aflatoxin B1 in methanol-water solution. J Hazard Mater. 2011; 192(3):1192-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.027. View

10.

Robbe P, Draijer C, Borg T, Luinge M, Timens W, Wouters I . Distinct macrophage phenotypes in allergic and nonallergic lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2014; 308(4):L358-67. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00341.2014. View

11.

Towner R, Qian S, Kadiiska M, Mason R . In vivo identification of aflatoxin-induced free radicals in rat bile. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003; 35(10):1330-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.002. View

12.

Wu J, Lai C, Tsai M, Ho C, Wang Y, Pan M . Chemopreventive effect of natural dietary compounds on xenobiotic-induced toxicity. J Food Drug Anal. 2017; 25(1):176-186. PMC: 9333419. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.019. View

13.

Vijayanandraj S, Brinda R, Kannan K, Adhithya R, Vinothini S, Senthil K . Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by an aqueous extract from leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Microbiol Res. 2013; 169(4):294-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.008. View

14.

van Tonder A, Joubert A, Cromarty A . Limitations of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay when compared to three commonly used cell enumeration assays. BMC Res Notes. 2015; 8:47. PMC: 4349615. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1000-8. View

15.

A V V, Rao K R, Kurrey N, K A A, G V . Protective effects of phenolics rich extract of ginger against Aflatoxin B-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 91:415-424. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.107. View

16.

Sridhar K, Charles A . In vitro antioxidant activity of Kyoho grape extracts in DPPH and ABTS assays: Estimation methods for EC using advanced statistical programs. Food Chem. 2019; 275:41-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.040. View

17.

Shushtari N, Froushani S . Caffeine Augments The Instruction of Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages by The Conditioned Medium of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell J. 2017; 19(3):415-424. PMC: 5570406. DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4364. View

18.

Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza C . Ginger--an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food. 2005; 8(2):125-32. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125. View

19.

Nemudzivhadi V, Masoko P . In Vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Extracts. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; 2014:625961. PMC: 4248555. DOI: 10.1155/2014/625961. View

20.

Makhuvele R, Naidu K, Gbashi S, Thipe V, Adebo O, Njobeh P . The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Heliyon. 2020; 6(10):e05291. PMC: 7586119. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05291. View