Electron Microscopic Study of Rheumatoid Synovial Vasculature. Intimate Relationship Between Tall Endothelium and Lymphoid Aggregation

The relationship between (a) "tallness" and (b) cross-sectional area of the endothelial cells (EC) of postcapillary venules (PCV) and capillaries and the cellular composition of adjacent perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates in rheumatoid (RA) synovial membrane has been examined by electron microscopy. "Tallness" of the EC was measured as the ratio of the height of the EC to its base (H/B). H/B showed a strong positive correlation with the number and percent of perivascular lymphocytes, i.e., the denser the lymphoid aggregation, the taller the EC. In contrast, H/B showed negative correlations with percent perivascular plasma cells, macrophages, and fibroblast(cyte)s. No such correlations were observed with pericapillary infiltrates. A computer-based morphometric technique yielded similar relationships between the cross-sectional area of the EC and the composition of the perivascular infiltrates. These results indicate that the EC of PCV in lymphocyte-rich areas of synovium tend to be tall and to occupy an increased fraction of the cross-sectional area of the vessel. In contrast, in areas rich in macrophages and plasma cells, EC tend to be flat and to occupy a smaller fraction of the cross-sectional area. PCV in uninfiltrated interstitial areas and in normal synovium had flat EC, and capillaries had flat EC regardless of the character of the surrounding infiltrate. Finally, PCV in lymphocyte-rich areas closely resembled those of tonsil in appearance. Our findings indicate that the PCV of the RA synovial membrane from which lymphocytes emigrate to form perivascular lymphoid aggregates resemble those of lymphoid tissue. They suggest that chronic inflammatory tissue and normal lymphoid tissue share mechanisms of lymphocyte emigration.