Cross Interaction Between Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota and Their Relevance to Human Health and Disease: Mechanistic Pathways and Prospective Therapy

Diverse bacterial and fungal microbiota communities inhabit the human body, and their presence is essential for maintaining host homeostasis. The oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina are just a few of the bodily cavities where these microorganisms communicate with one another, either directly or indirectly. The effects of this interaction can be either useful or detrimental to the host. When the healthy microbial diversity is disturbed, for instance, as a result of prolonged treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, this allows the growth of specific microbes at the expense of others and alters their pathogenicity, causing a switch of commensal germs into pathogenic germs, which could promote tissue invasion and damage, as occurs in immunocompromised patients. Consequently, antimicrobials that specifically target pathogens may help in minimizing secondary issues that result from the disruption of useful bacterial/fungal interactions (BFIs). The interface between and with bacteria at various body sites is emphasized in the majority of the medically important BFIs that have been reported thus far. This interface either supports or inhibits growth, or it enhances or blocks the generation of virulence factors. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the link between the bacterial and fungal microbiota and how they contribute to both normal homeostasis and disease development. Additionally, recent research that has studied microbiota as novel antimicrobials is summarized.