Oxygen Carriers Affect Kidney Immunogenicity During Machine Perfusion

Normothermic machine perfusion provides a powerful tool to improve donor kidney preservation and a route for the delivery of pharmacological or gene therapeutic interventions prior to transplantation. However, perfusion at normothermic temperatures requires adequate tissue oxygenation to meet the physiological metabolic demand. For this purpose, the addition of appropriate oxygen carriers (OCs) to the perfusion solution is essential to ensure a sufficient oxygen supply and reduce the risk for tissue injury due to hypoxia. It is crucial that the selected OCs preserve the integrity and low immunogenicity of the graft. In this study, the effect of two OCs on the organ's integrity and immunogenicity was evaluated. Porcine kidneys were perfused for four hours using perfusion solutions supplemented with red blood cells (RBCs) as conventional OC, perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based OC, or Hemarina-M101 (M101), a lugworm hemoglobin-based OC named HEMOlife®, recently approved in Europe (i.e., CE obtained in October 2022). Perfusions with all OCs led to decreased lactate levels. Additionally, none of the OCs negatively affected renal morphology as determined by histological analyses. Remarkably, all OCs improved the perfusion solution by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) on both transcript and protein level, suggesting a beneficial effect of the OCs in maintaining the low immunogenicity of the graft. Thus, PFC-based OCs and M101 may constitute a promising alternative to RBCs during normothermic kidney perfusion.