The Link Between Gut Microbiome and Alzheimer's Disease: From the Perspective of New Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer's Disease

Over the past decades, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome exerts a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Alzheimer's Association Workgroup is updating the diagnostic criteria for AD, which changed the profiles and categorization of biomarkers from "AT(N)" to "ATNIVS." Previously, most of studies focus on the correlation between the gut microbiome and amyloid beta deposition ("A"), the initial AD pathological feature triggering the "downstream" tauopathy and neurodegeneration. However, limited research investigated the interactions between the gut microbiome and other AD pathogenesis ("TNIVS"). In this review, we summarize current findings of the gut microbial characteristics in the whole spectrum of AD. Then, we describe the association of the gut microbiome with updated biomarker categories of AD pathogenesis. In addition, we outline the gut microbiome-related therapeutic strategies for AD. Finally, we discuss current key issues of the gut microbiome research in the AD field and future research directions. HIGHLIGHTS: The new revised criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) proposed by the Alzheimer's Association Workgroup have updated the profiles and categorization of biomarkers from "AT(N)" to "ATNIVS." The associations of the gut microbiome with updated biomarker categories of AD pathogenesis are described. Current findings of the gut microbial characteristics in the whole spectrum of AD are summarized. Therapeutic strategies for AD based on the gut microbiome are proposed.