The Sampling Strategy of Oral Microbiome

Overview

Journal Imeta

Specialty Biology

Date 2024 Jun 13

PMID 38868567

Authors

Hongye Lu

Peihui Zou

Yifei Zhang

Qian Zhang

Zhibin Chen

Feng Chen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

There are multiple habitats in the oral cavity with bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa residing in, which together constitute the oral micro-ecosystem. These microflorae in the oral cavity primarily include saliva, supragingival dental plaque, subgingival dental plaque, submucosal plaque around implants, plaque in root canals, and plaque on the mucosal surface. The interest and knowledge of the microbiome have dynamically increased with the advancement of technology. Therefore, a reliable, feasible, and practical sampling strategy for the oral microbiome is required for the investigation. This paper introduced the sampling strategy of oral microorganisms, consisting of sample collection, transport, processing, and storage. The materials and devices involved in this study are all commonly used in clinical practice or laboratory. The feasibility and reliability of the sampling methods described in this paper have been verified by multiple studies.

Citing Articles

Regenerative endodontic procedures in immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis: the impact of microbiology on clinical and radiographic outcome.

Sellami R, Van Holm W, Meschi N, Van Den Heuvel S, Pauwels M, Verspecht T Front Dent Med. 2025; 4:1281337.

PMID: 39916917 PMC: 11797765. DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1281337.

Salivary diagnostics: opportunities and challenges.

Li Y, Ou Y, Fan K, Liu G Theranostics. 2024; 14(18):6969-6990.

PMID: 39629130 PMC: 11610148. DOI: 10.7150/thno.100600.

Salivary microbiome variations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different stages of periodontitis.

Gu M, Ge J, Pan Q, Hu N, Hua F BMC Oral Health. 2024; 24(1):1424.

PMID: 39578857 PMC: 11583423. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-05135-3.

The potential of including the microbiome as biomarker in population-based health studies: methods and benefits.

Buytaers F, Berger N, Van der Heyden J, Roosens N, de Keersmaecker S Front Public Health. 2024; 12:1467121.

PMID: 39507669 PMC: 11538166. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1467121.

Does Fusobacterium in Colorectal Cancer Sites Originate From the Oral Cavity? A Pilot Study.

Plomp N, Bertl K, Lydrup M, Sjoberg K, Harmsen H, Stavropoulos A Clin Exp Dent Res. 2024; 10(6):e70016.

PMID: 39491831 PMC: 11532368. DOI: 10.1002/cre2.70016.

References

Lu H, Zhao Y, Feng X, He L, Meng H . Microbiome in maintained periodontitis and its shift over a single maintenance interval of 3 months. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46(11):1094-1104. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13177. View

Wade W . The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacol Res. 2012; 69(1):137-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.006. View

Gao C, Li X, Zhao X, Yang P, Wang X, Chen X . Standardized studies of the oral microbiome: From technology-driven to hypothesis-driven. Imeta. 2024; 1(2):e19. PMC: 10989927. DOI: 10.1002/imt2.19. View

Fan X, Alekseyenko A, Wu J, Peters B, Jacobs E, Gapstur S . Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut. 2016; 67(1):120-127. PMC: 5607064. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312580. View

Justino A, Teixeira R, Peixoto L, Jaramillo O, Espindola F . Effect of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2017; 77(6):415-422. DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1334261. View

Almhojd U, Cevik-Aras H, Karlsson N, Chuncheng J, Almstahl A . Stimulated saliva composition in patients with cancer of the head and neck region. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21(1):509. PMC: 8501675. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01872-x. View

Gomar-Vercher S, Simon-Soro A, Montiel-Company J, Almerich-Silla J, Mira A . Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples have significantly different bacterial profiles. PLoS One. 2018; 13(6):e0198021. PMC: 5983451. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198021. View

Lu H, He L, Xu J, Song W, Feng X, Zhao Y . Well-maintained patients with a history of periodontitis still harbor a more dysbiotic microbiome than health. J Periodontol. 2020; 91(12):1584-1594. DOI: 10.1002/JPER.19-0498. View

Hong B, Sobue T, Choquette L, Dupuy A, Thompson A, Burleson J . Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis is associated with detrimental bacterial dysbiosis. Microbiome. 2019; 7(1):66. PMC: 6482518. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0679-5. View

10.

Wilbert S, Welch J, Borisy G . Spatial Ecology of the Human Tongue Dorsum Microbiome. Cell Rep. 2020; 30(12):4003-4015.e3. PMC: 7179516. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.097. View

11.

Millsop J, Fazel N . Oral candidiasis. Clin Dermatol. 2016; 34(4):487-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.022. View

12.

Watanabe S, Dawes C . The effects of different foods and concentrations of citric acid on the flow rate of whole saliva in man. Arch Oral Biol. 1988; 33(1):1-5. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90089-1. View

13.

de Arruda J, do Valle I, Mesquita R, Silva T . Oral syphilis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 84(2):e101-e102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.067. View

14.

Verma D, Garg P, Dubey A . Insights into the human oral microbiome. Arch Microbiol. 2018; 200(4):525-540. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3. View

15.

Xiao E, Mattos M, Vieira G, Chen S, Correa J, Wu Y . Diabetes Enhances IL-17 Expression and Alters the Oral Microbiome to Increase Its Pathogenicity. Cell Host Microbe. 2017; 22(1):120-128.e4. PMC: 5701758. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.014. View

16.

Buttler R, Bagci E, Brand H, den Heijer M, Blankenstein M, Heijboer A . Testosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and cortisone levels in human unstimulated, stimulated and parotid saliva. Steroids. 2018; 138:26-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.05.013. View

17.

Wu Y, Yu-Fong Chang J, Sun A, Chiang C . Oral tuberculosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016; 116(1):64-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.10.016. View

18.

Zargar N, Ashraf H, Marashi S, Sabeti M, Aziz A . Identification of microorganisms in irreversible pulpitis and primary endodontic infections with respect to clinical and radiographic findings. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24(6):2099-2108. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03075-9. View

19.

Kleinberg I . A mixed-bacteria ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation: an alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002; 13(2):108-25. DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300202. View

20.

Lu H, Yan X, Zhu B, Zhang L, Feng X, Piao M . The occurrence of peri-implant mucositis associated with the shift of submucosal microbiome in patients with a history of periodontitis during the first two years. J Clin Periodontol. 2021; 48(3):441-454. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13410. View