Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: Biology and Immune Response

Overview

Journal Adv Exp Med Biol

Specialties Biology
General Medicine

Date 2024 May 27

PMID 38801577

Authors

Luigi Santacroce

Thea Magrone

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus and Monkeypox virus. MCV belongs to the genus Molluscipoxvirus and has a tropism for skin tissue. MCV infects keratinocytes and, after an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 weeks, causes a breakdown of the skin barrier with the development of papules of variable size depending on the proper functioning of the immune response (both adaptive and acquired). MCV only infects humans and does not cause viraemia. MCV encodes for several inhibitory proteins responsible to circumvent the immune response through different signalling pathways. Individuals who can be infected with MCV are children, immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Current treatments to manage MCV-induced lesions are different and include the use of immunomodulators, which, however, do not provide an effective response.

References

Agier J, Efenberger M, Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E . Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015; 40(2):225-35. PMC: 4637384. DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359. View

Bachem A, Guttler S, Hartung E, Ebstein F, Schaefer M, Tannert A . Superior antigen cross-presentation and XCR1 expression define human CD11c+CD141+ cells as homologues of mouse CD8+ dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2010; 207(6):1273-81. PMC: 2882837. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100348. View

Bagneris C, Ageichik A, Cronin N, Wallace B, Collins M, Boshoff C . Crystal structure of a vFlip-IKKgamma complex: insights into viral activation of the IKK signalosome. Mol Cell. 2008; 30(5):620-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.04.029. View

Bakry O, Abdou A, Gewale H, Seleit I . Immunolocalization of toll-like receptor 2 in viral warts and molluscum contagiosum. Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2014; 35(6):316-23. View

Bao M, Liu Y . Regulation of TLR7/9 signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Protein Cell. 2012; 4(1):40-52. PMC: 3667388. DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2104-8. View

Bencze D, Fekete T, Pazmandi K . Type I Interferon Production of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells under Control. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(8). PMC: 8072550. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084190. View

Bertin J, Armstrong R, Ottilie S, Martin D, Wang Y, Banks S . Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94(4):1172-6. PMC: 19763. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1172. View

Brady G, Bowie A . Innate immune activation of NFκB and its antagonism by poxviruses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014; 25(5):611-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.004. View

Brady G, Haas D, Farrell P, Pichlmair A, Bowie A . Poxvirus Protein MC132 from Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Inhibits NF-B Activation by Targeting p65 for Degradation. J Virol. 2015; 89(16):8406-15. PMC: 4524246. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00799-15. View

10.

Brady G, Haas D, Farrell P, Pichlmair A, Bowie A . Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Protein MC005 Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Targeting NEMO-Regulated IκB Kinase Activation. J Virol. 2017; 91(15). PMC: 5512260. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00545-17. View

11.

Briard B, Place D, Kanneganti T . DNA Sensing in the Innate Immune Response. Physiology (Bethesda). 2020; 35(2):112-124. PMC: 7276919. DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2019. View

12.

Brice D, Diamond G . Antiviral Activities of Human Host Defense Peptides. Curr Med Chem. 2019; 27(9):1420-1443. PMC: 9008596. DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805151654. View

13.

Browning J, Enloe C, Cartwright M, Hebert A, Paller A, Hebert D . Efficacy and Safety of Topical Nitric Oxide-Releasing Berdazimer Gel in Patients With Molluscum Contagiosum: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2022; 158(8):871-878. PMC: 9280611. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.2721. View

14.

Buller R, Palumbo G . Poxvirus pathogenesis. Microbiol Rev. 1991; 55(1):80-122. PMC: 372802. DOI: 10.1128/mr.55.1.80-122.1991. View

15.

Challa S, Woelfel M, Guildford M, Moquin D, Chan F . Viral cell death inhibitor MC159 enhances innate immunity against vaccinia virus infection. J Virol. 2010; 84(20):10467-76. PMC: 2950582. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00983-10. View

16.

Chaperot L, Blum A, Manches O, Lui G, Angel J, Molens J . Virus or TLR agonists induce TRAIL-mediated cytotoxic activity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2005; 176(1):248-55. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.248. View

17.

Chen X, Anstey A, Bugert J . Molluscum contagiosum virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13(10):877-88. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70109-9. View

18.

Choi Y, Bowman J, Jung J . Autophagy during viral infection - a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018; 16(6):341-354. PMC: 6907743. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0003-6. View

19.

Chularojanamontri L, Tuchinda P, Kulthanan K, Manuskiatti W . Generalized molluscum contagiosum in an HIV patient treated with diphencyprone. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2011; 4(4):60-2. PMC: 3157819. DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2010.1059. View

20.

Cohn L, Chatterjee B, Esselborn F, Smed-Sorensen A, Nakamura N, Chalouni C . Antigen delivery to early endosomes eliminates the superiority of human blood BDCA3+ dendritic cells at cross presentation. J Exp Med. 2013; 210(5):1049-63. PMC: 3646496. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121251. View