The Prevalence and Associated Factors for Primary Headache Disorders in Adolescents in Eastern Sudan: a Community-based Cross-sectional Study

Overview

Journal Front Neurol

Specialty Neurology

Date 2024 May 2

PMID 38694780

Authors

Saeed M Omar

Osman M Osman

Abdullah Al-Nafeesah

Ashwaq AlEed

Jaber Alfaifi

Ishag Adam

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Headache disorder is the second-highest cause of disability worldwide; however, data are scarce on headache among adolescents, especially in Africa. There has yet to be published data on headache among adolescents in Sudan, the third-largest country in Africa. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of primary headache disorders and associated factors among adolescents (10-19 years) in eastern Sudan.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Gadarif in eastern Sudan. Questionnaires were used to gather the adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics. Headache diagnostic questions were based on the beta version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders-III (ICHD-3). Multivariate analysis was conducted to assess the associated factors for primary headache disorders, and the results were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) and 95.0% confidence interval (CI).

Results: Of the 401 enrolled adolescents, 186 (46.4%) and 215 (53.6%) were male and female, respectively. The median (IQR) age was 14.0 (12.1-16.2) years. Eighty-one (20.2%) of the 401 adolescents reported experiencing primary headache disorders, including migraine with aura in 16 (4.0%), migraine without aura in 33 (8.2%), tension-type in 14 (3.5%), and undifferentiated headache in 18 (4.5%) adolescents. The prevalence of primary headache disorders was significantly higher in females than in males [55/215 (67.9%) vs. 26/186 (32.1%), = 0.004]. In the multivariate analysis, increased age ( = 1.09, 95.0 = 1.02-1.16) and being female ( = 1.75, 95.0 = 1.14-2.67) were associated with increased RR of primary headache disorders. Parents' education level and occupation, smoking/snuff use, and body mass index were not associated with primary headache disorders.

Conclusion: One-fifth of the adolescents in eastern Sudan reported experiencing primary headache disorders, which was more common in females and with increased age.

References

Adebayo P, Otubogun F, Akinyemi R . Menstrual-Related Headaches Among a Cohort of African Adolescent Girls. J Pain Res. 2020; 13:143-150. PMC: 6970628. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S207620. View

Genc D, Vaiciene-Magistris N, Zaborskis A, Sasmaz T, Yeniocak Tunc A, Uluduz D . The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Lithuania: a schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020; 21(1):73. PMC: 7288438. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01146-x. View

Onofri A, Pensato U, Rosignoli C, Wells-Gatnik W, Stanyer E, Ornello R . Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2023; 24(1):8. PMC: 9926688. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0. View

Ge R, Chang J, Cao Y . Headache disorders and relevant sex and socioeconomic patterns in adolescents and young adults across 204 countries and territories: an updated global analysis. J Headache Pain. 2023; 24(1):110. PMC: 10436621. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01648-4. View

. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017; 390(10100):1211-1259. PMC: 5605509. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. View

Bierhals I, de Oliveira G, Santos I, Halal C, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Matijasevich A . Relationship between sleep problems and headaches among adolescents: Pelotas 2004 Birth cohort. Sleep Med X. 2023; 6:100079. PMC: 10359655. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2023.100079. View

Zewde Y, Zebenigus M, Demissie H, Tekle-Haimanot R, Uluduz D, Sasmaz T . The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Ethiopia: a schools-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020; 21(1):108. PMC: 7466777. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01179-2. View

Quispe-Vicuna C, Soriano-Moreno D, De-Los-Rios-Pinto A, Diaz-Ledesma L, Fernandez-Guzman D, Pacheco-Barrios K . Association between weight status and migraine in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023; 14:1225935. PMC: 10682819. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1225935. View

Barus J, Sudharta H, Suswanti I . Associations of Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors with Headache Symptom Among Indonesian Adolescents Based on the 5th Wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5). J Res Health Sci. 2023; 23(2):e00579. PMC: 10422133. DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.114. View

10.

Genc H, Baykan B, Bolay H, Uluduz D, Unal-Cevik I, Kissani N . Cross-sectional, hospital-based analysis of headache types using ICHD-3 criteria in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: the Head-MENAA study. J Headache Pain. 2023; 24(1):24. PMC: 10010217. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01555-8. View

11.

ALBashtawy M, Alhroub N, Zafar Z, Hamaideh S, Al-Osoufe L, Malak M . Prevalence and Triggering Factors of Headache among Jordanian Adolescents in Al-Mafraq Region. ScientificWorldJournal. 2023; 2023:5548694. PMC: 10661866. DOI: 10.1155/2023/5548694. View

12.

Nilles C, Williams J, Patten S, Pringsheim T, Orr S . Association Between Peer Victimization, Gender Diversity, Mental Health, and Recurrent Headaches in Adolescents: A Canadian Population-Based Study. Neurology. 2023; 101(17):e1654-e1664. PMC: 10624480. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207738. View

13.

Cuschieri S . The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019; 13(Suppl 1):S31-S34. PMC: 6398292. DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_543_18. View

14.

Bernar B, Gande N, Stock A, Staudt A, Pechlaner R, Hochmayr C . Early Vascular Ageing in adolescents with migraine with aura: a community-based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023; 23(1):384. PMC: 10394858. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03409-2. View

15.

Olesen J . Dedicated chairs in headache science: the way forward?. Cephalalgia. 2009; 29(1):1-2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01709.x. View

16.

Pothmann R, Frankenberg S, Muller B, Sartory G, Hellmeier W . Epidemiology of headache in children and adolescents: evidence of high prevalence of migraine. Int J Behav Med. 1994; 1(1):76-89. DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0101_5. View

17.

Togha M, Jafari E, Salami Z, Kamali K, Mirzaee Godarzee H, Mirzaee Godarzee M . The prevalence and impact of tension-type headache in school-aged children in Iran. Front Neurol. 2023; 14:1259624. PMC: 10538125. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1259624. View

18.

Sanya E, Desalu O, Aderibigbe S, Kolo P, Mustapha A, Adeyanju O . Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headaches among undergraduate students in three tertiary institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018; 20(11):1411-1416. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_383_16. View

19.

Shuaibi S, AlAshqar A, Farouk Ahmed S, Alroughani R, AlThufairi H, Owayed S . Primary Headache Disorder Among School Students in Kuwait. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:621017. PMC: 7884619. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.621017. View

20.

Zaranek L, Sobe H, Richter M, Hubler A, Berner R, von der Hagen M . [Gender-specific results of the Dresden children and adolescents headache program DreKiP]. Schmerz. 2023; 38(2):107-117. PMC: 10959813. DOI: 10.1007/s00482-023-00756-z. View