Immuno-Diagnostic Interest in Monitoring CD16+CD56+ (Natural Killer) Cells and CD19+CD45+ (B Lymphocytes) in Individuals Newly Diagnosed with HIV in a Tertiary Care Center

Overview

Journal J Clin Med

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2024 Feb 24

PMID 38398466

Authors

Jamil Al-Mughales

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background/objective: Monitoring multiple cellular markers of immune cells may provide a more accurate evaluation of the immune status of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). This study assessed the value of CD16+CD56+ cells (NK cells) and CD19+ lymphocytes (B cells) phenotyping in indicating viral load, AIDS status, and treatment efficacy.

Method: A retrospective, laboratory-based study was conducted at the Diagnostic immunology division of a referral tertiary hospital. It involved 82 newly diagnosed HIV patients treated between 2009-2016. We explored three objectives: (1) the paired change in CD16+CD56+ and CD19+CD45+ cells counts and percentages from baseline to 2-to-6 months after treatment; (2) the association of these phenotypes with 5 gradual categories of viral load; and (3) the accuracy of CD16+CD56+ and CD19+CD45+ cells counts in indicating AIDS stage defined as CD4+ < 200 cells/mm. The second and third objectives were tested using a pooled analysis (N = 300-373).

Result: The median CD19+CD45+ and CD16+CD56+ counts increased by 1.9-fold and 1.3-fold after treatment respectively ( < 0.001). A negative correlation of viral load with both CD16+CD56+ (ρ = -0.29, < 0.001) and CD19+CD45+ (ρ = -0.34, < 0.001) counts was observed. CD16+CD56+ count < 73 cells/mm and CD19+CD45+ count < 166.5 were indicative for AIDS with 95.5% and 63.6% sensitivity respectively.

Conclusions: Findings advocate for the usefulness of CD16+CD56+ and CD19+CD45+ phenotyping in characterizing the severity of HIV infection and its impact on both the humoral and cellular immunity, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

References

Mansour I, Doinel C, Rouger P . CD16+ NK cells decrease in all stages of HIV infection through a selective depletion of the CD16+CD8+CD3- subset. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990; 6(12):1451-7. DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1451. View

Moir S, Malaspina A, Ho J, Wang W, DiPoto A, OShea M . Normalization of B cell counts and subpopulations after antiretroviral therapy in chronic HIV disease. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197(4):572-9. DOI: 10.1086/526789. View

Mellors J, Munoz A, Giorgi J, Margolick J, Tassoni C, Gupta P . Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126(12):946-54. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-12-199706150-00003. View

Moir S, Fauci A . Pathogenic mechanisms of B-lymphocyte dysfunction in HIV disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122(1):12-9. PMC: 2708937. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.034. View

Samuelsson A, Brostrom C, van Dijk N, Sonnerborg A, Chiodi F . Apoptosis of CD4+ and CD19+ cells during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection--correlation with clinical progression, viral load, and loss of humoral immunity. Virology. 1997; 238(2):180-8. DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8790. View

Mikulak J, Oriolo F, Zaghi E, Di Vito C, Mavilio D . Natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection and therapy. AIDS. 2017; 31(17):2317-2330. PMC: 5892189. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001645. View

Vivancos-Gallego M, Okhai H, Perez-Elias M, Gomez-Ayerbe C, Moreno-Zamora A, Casado J . CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio changes in people with HIV receiving antiretroviral treatment. Antivir Ther. 2020; 25(2):91-100. DOI: 10.3851/IMP3354. View

Schlums H, Cichocki F, Tesi B, Theorell J, Beziat V, Holmes T . Cytomegalovirus infection drives adaptive epigenetic diversification of NK cells with altered signaling and effector function. Immunity. 2015; 42(3):443-56. PMC: 4612277. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.008. View

Mattiola I, Pesant M, Tentorio P, Molgora M, Marcenaro E, Lugli E . Priming of Human Resting NK Cells by Autologous M1 Macrophages via the Engagement of IL-1β, IFN-β, and IL-15 Pathways. J Immunol. 2015; 195(6):2818-28. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500325. View

10.

Bonavida B, Katz J, Gottlieb M . Mechanism of defective NK cell activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. I. Defective trigger on NK cells for NKCF production by target cells, and partial restoration by IL 2. J Immunol. 1986; 137(4):1157-63. View

11.

Alcocer-Varela J, Alarcon-Segovia D, Abud-Mendoza C . Immunoregulatory circuits in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related complex. Production of and response to interleukins 1 and 2, NK function and its enhancement by interleukin-2 and kinetics of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985; 60(1):31-8. PMC: 1576993. View

12.

Delpierre C, Cuzin L, Lert F . Routine testing to reduce late HIV diagnosis in France. BMJ. 2007; 334(7608):1354-6. PMC: 1906674. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39225.458218.94. View

13.

Poli G, Introna M, Zanaboni F, Peri G, Carbonari M, Aiuti F . Natural killer cells in intravenous drug abusers with lymphadenopathy syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985; 62(1):128-35. PMC: 1577412. View

14.

Vuillier F, Bianco N, Montagnier L, Dighiero G . Selective depletion of low-density CD8+, CD16+ lymphocytes during HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1988; 4(2):121-9. DOI: 10.1089/aid.1988.4.121. View

15.

Ho J, Moir S, Malaspina A, Howell M, Wang W, DiPoto A . Two overrepresented B cell populations in HIV-infected individuals undergo apoptosis by different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103(51):19436-41. PMC: 1748244. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609515103. View

16.

Tang H, Mao Y, Tang W, Han J, Xu J, Li J . "Late for testing, early for antiretroviral therapy, less likely to die": results from a large HIV cohort study in China, 2006-2014. BMC Infect Dis. 2018; 18(1):272. PMC: 5998580. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3158-x. View

17.

Hendricks D, Balfour Jr H, Dunmire S, Schmeling D, Hogquist K, Lanier L . Cutting edge: NKG2C(hi)CD57+ NK cells respond specifically to acute infection with cytomegalovirus and not Epstein-Barr virus. J Immunol. 2014; 192(10):4492-6. PMC: 4013527. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303211. View

18.

Moir S, Fauci A . B cells in HIV infection and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9(4):235-45. PMC: 2779527. DOI: 10.1038/nri2524. View

19.

Pham M, Romero L, Parnell B, Anderson D, Crowe S, Luchters S . Feasibility of antiretroviral treatment monitoring in the era of decentralized HIV care: a systematic review. AIDS Res Ther. 2017; 14(1):3. PMC: 5248527. DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0131-5. View

20.

May M, Gompels M, Delpech V, Porter K, Post F, Johnson M . Impact of late diagnosis and treatment on life expectancy in people with HIV-1: UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study. BMJ. 2011; 343:d6016. PMC: 3191202. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d6016. View