Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems: Pathways, Associated Diseases, and Potential Inhibitors-A Review

Overview

Journal Food Sci Nutr

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2024 Feb 19

PMID 38370049

Authors

Abdur Rauf

Anees Ahmed Khalil

Samir Awadallah

Shahid Ali Khan

Tareq Abu-Izneid

Muhammad Kamran

Hassan A Hemeg

Mohammad S Mubarak

Ahood Khalid

Polrat Wilairatana

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under normal physiological conditions and may have beneficial and harmful effects on biological systems. ROS are involved in many physiological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. In this case, maintaining proper cellular ROS levels is known as redox homeostasis. Oxidative stress occurs because of the imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defenses. Sources of ROS include the mitochondria, auto-oxidation of glucose, and enzymatic pathways such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NAD[P]H) oxidase. The possible ROS pathways are NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. This review covers the literature pertaining to the possible ROS pathways and strategies to inhibit them. Additionally, this review summarizes the literature related to finding ROS inhibitors.

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