Mucosal Vaccine-induced Cross-reactive CD8 T Cells Protect Against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 Respiratory Tract Infection

Overview

Journal Nat Immunol

Date 2024 Feb 10

PMID 38337035

Authors

Baoling Ying

Tamarand L Darling

Pritesh Desai

Chieh-Yu Liang

Igor P Dmitriev

Nadia Soudani

Traci Bricker

Elena A Kashentseva

Houda Harastani

Saravanan Raju

Meizi Liu

Aaron G Schmidt

David T Curiel

Adrianus C M Boon

Michael S Diamond

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

A nasally delivered chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) is currently used in India (iNCOVACC). Here, we update this vaccine by creating ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized BA.5 spike protein. Whereas serum neutralizing antibody responses induced by monovalent or bivalent adenoviral vaccines were poor against the antigenically distant XBB.1.5 strain and insufficient to protect in passive transfer experiments, mucosal antibody and cross-reactive memory T cell responses were robust, and protection was evident against WA1/2020 D614G and Omicron variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in mice and hamsters. However, depletion of memory CD8 T cells before XBB.1.5 challenge resulted in loss of protection against upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Thus, nasally delivered vaccines stimulate mucosal immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, and cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells mediate protection against lung infection by antigenically distant strains in the setting of low serum levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.

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