Molecular Origin and Biological Effects of Exercise Mimetics

Overview

Journal J Exerc Sci Fit

Date 2024 Jan 8

PMID 38187084

Authors

Yuping Zhu

Gang Song

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

With the rapid development of sports science and molecular biology technology, academia refers to molecules or microorganisms that mimic or enhance the beneficial effects of exercise on the body, called "exercise mimetics." This review aims to clarify the concept and development history of exercise mimetics, and to define the concept of exercise mimetics by summarizing its characteristics and functions. Candidate molecules and drug targets for exercise mimetics are summarized, and the relationship between exercise mimetics and exercise is explained, as well as the targeting system and function of exercise mimetics. The main targeting systems for exercise mimetics are the exercise system, circulatory system, endocrine system, endocrine system, and nervous system, while the immune system is potential targeting systems. Finally, future research directions for exercise mimetics are discussed.

References

Veziroglu E, Mias G . Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Diverse RNA Contents. Front Genet. 2020; 11:700. PMC: 7379748. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00700. View

Hawley J, Joyner M, Green D . Mimicking exercise: what matters most and where to next?. J Physiol. 2019; 599(3):791-802. PMC: 7891316. DOI: 10.1113/JP278761. View

Chen J, Zhou R, Feng Y, Cheng L . Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022; 7(1):383. PMC: 9709153. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01233-2. View

Mellett L, Bousquet G . Cardiology patient page. Heart-healthy exercise. Circulation. 2013; 127(17):e571-2. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000880. View

Graff R, Kunz H, Agha N, Baker F, Laughlin M, Bigley A . β-Adrenergic receptor signaling mediates the preferential mobilization of differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes in response to acute exercise in humans. Brain Behav Immun. 2018; 74:143-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.017. View

Falkenberg K, Johnstone R . Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in cancer, neurological diseases and immune disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014; 13(9):673-91. DOI: 10.1038/nrd4360. View

Fruhbeis C, Helmig S, Tug S, Simon P, Kramer-Albers E . Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015; 4:28239. PMC: 4491306. DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28239. View

Nauer R, Dunne M, Stern C, Storer T, Schon K . Improving fitness increases dentate gyrus/CA3 volume in the hippocampal head and enhances memory in young adults. Hippocampus. 2019; 30(5):488-504. PMC: 7485880. DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23166. View

Cuevas-Ramos D, Almeda-Valdes P, Meza-Arana C, Brito-Cordova G, Gomez-Perez F, Mehta R . Exercise increases serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e38022. PMC: 3365112. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038022. View

10.

Bei Y, Huang Z, Feng X, Li L, Wei M, Zhu Y . Lymphangiogenesis contributes to exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth. J Sport Health Sci. 2022; 11(4):466-478. PMC: 9338339. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.02.005. View

11.

Liu X, Xiao J, Zhu H, Wei X, Platt C, Damilano F . miR-222 is necessary for exercise-induced cardiac growth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling. Cell Metab. 2015; 21(4):584-95. PMC: 4393846. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.014. View

12.

Cento A, Leigheb M, Caretti G, Penna F . Exercise and Exercise Mimetics for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2022; 20(5):249-259. PMC: 9522759. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00739-6. View

13.

Catoire M, Kersten S . The search for exercise factors in humans. FASEB J. 2015; 29(5):1615-28. DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263699. View

14.

Widmann M, Niess A, Munz B . Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med. 2019; 49(4):509-523. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01070-4. View

15.

Hoffman N . Omics and Exercise: Global Approaches for Mapping Exercise Biological Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2017; 7(10). PMC: 5629985. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029884. View

16.

Ahtiainen J, Walker S, Silvennoinen M, Kyrolainen H, Nindl B, Hakkinen K . Exercise type and volume alter signaling pathways regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake and protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015; 115(9):1835-45. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3155-3. View

17.

Debosch B, Treskov I, Lupu T, Weinheimer C, Kovacs A, Courtois M . Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth. Circulation. 2006; 113(17):2097-104. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595231. View

18.

Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski M, Korde A, Ye L, Lo J . A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012; 481(7382):463-8. PMC: 3522098. DOI: 10.1038/nature10777. View

19.

Ghigo A, Li M . Phosphoinositide 3-kinase: friend and foe in cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol. 2015; 6:169. PMC: 4534856. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00169. View

20.

Gubert C, Hannan A . Exercise mimetics: harnessing the therapeutic effects of physical activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021; 20(11):862-879. DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00217-1. View