Smart Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems in Spotlight of COVID-19

Overview

Journal Asian J Pharm Sci

Date 2024 Jan 4

PMID 38173712

Authors

Zeinab Najjari

Farzaneh Sadri

Jaleh Varshosaz

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The world has been dealing with a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) since the end of 2019, which threatens the lives of many people worldwide. COVID-19 causes respiratory infection with different symptoms, from sneezing and coughing to pneumonia and sometimes gastric symptoms. Researchers worldwide are actively developing novel drug delivery systems (DDSs), such as stimuli-responsive DDSs. The ability of these carriers to respond to external/internal and even multiple stimuli is essential in creating "smart" DDS that can effectively control dosage, sustained release, individual variations, and targeted delivery. To conduct a comprehensive literature survey for this article, the terms "Stimuli-responsive", "COVID-19″ and "Drug delivery" were searched on databases/search engines like "Google Scholar", "NCBI", "PubMed", and "Science Direct". Many different types of DDSs have been proposed, including those responsive to various exogenous (light, heat, ultrasound and magnetic field) or endogenous (microenvironmental changes in pH, ROS and enzymes) stimuli. Despite significant progress in DDS research, several challenging issues must be addressed to fill the gaps in the literature. Therefore, this study reviews the drug release mechanisms and applications of endogenous/exogenous stimuli-responsive DDSs while also exploring their potential with respect to COVID-19.

Citing Articles

The modification of conventional liposomes for targeted antimicrobial delivery to treat infectious diseases.

Okafor N, Omoteso O, Choonara Y Discov Nano. 2025; 20(1):19.

PMID: 39883380 PMC: 11782757. DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04170-x.

Controlled Stimulus-Responsive Delivery Systems for Osteoarthritis Treatment.

Ye Q, Zhang M, Li S, Liu W, Xu C, Li Y Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(21).

PMID: 39519350 PMC: 11545989. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111799.

References

Alamdari D, Bagheri Moghaddam A, Amini S, Keramati M, Zarmehri A, Alamdari A . Application of methylene blue -vitamin C -N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients, report of a phase-I clinical trial. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020; 885:173494. PMC: 7440159. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173494. View

Dou Y, Li C, Li L, Guo J, Zhang J . Bioresponsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Control Release. 2020; 327:641-666. PMC: 7476894. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.008. View

Poole K, Nelson C, Joshi R, Martin J, Gupta M, Haws S . ROS-responsive microspheres for on demand antioxidant therapy in a model of diabetic peripheral arterial disease. Biomaterials. 2014; 41:166-75. PMC: 4274772. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.016. View

Cui Z, Phoeung T, Rousseau P, Rydzek G, Zhang Q, Bazuin C . Nonphospholipid fluid liposomes with switchable photocontrolled release. Langmuir. 2014; 30(36):10818-25. DOI: 10.1021/la502131h. View

Issa B, Obaidat I, Albiss B, Haik Y . Magnetic nanoparticles: surface effects and properties related to biomedicine applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2013; 14(11):21266-305. PMC: 3856004. DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121266. View

Li K, Sato H, Kim C, Nakamura Y, Zhao G, Funamoto D . Tumor accumulation of protein kinase-responsive gene carrier/DNA polyplex stabilized by alkanethiol for intravenous injection. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2015; 26(11):657-68. DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1054922. View

He S, Krippes K, Ritz S, Chen Z, Best A, Butt H . Ultralow-intensity near-infrared light induces drug delivery by upconverting nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb). 2014; 51(2):431-4. DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07489k. View

Boedtkjer E, Pedersen S . The Acidic Tumor Microenvironment as a Driver of Cancer. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019; 82:103-126. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034627. View

Rezazadeh M, Akbari V, Varshosaz J, Karbasizadeh P, Minaiyan M . Sustained-release of erythropoietin using a novel injectable thermosensitive hydrogel: studies, biological activity, and efficacy in rats. Pharm Dev Technol. 2021; 26(4):412-421. DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1883059. View

10.

Gendrot M, Andreani J, Duflot I, Boxberger M, Bideau M, Mosnier J . Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020; 56(6):106202. PMC: 7566888. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202. View

11.

Mannaris C, Yang C, Carugo D, Owen J, Lee J, Nwokeoha S . Acoustically responsive polydopamine nanodroplets: A novel theranostic agent. Ultrason Sonochem. 2019; 60:104782. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104782. View

12.

Kalyanaraman B . Reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators induced in COVID-19: overlapping biology with cancer. RSC Chem Biol. 2021; 2(5):1402-1414. PMC: 8496060. DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00042j. View

13.

Meng M, Gao J, Wu C, Zhou X, Zang X, Lin X . Doxorubicin nanobubble for combining ultrasonography and targeted chemotherapy of rabbit with VX2 liver tumor. Tumour Biol. 2016; 37(7):8673-80. PMC: 4990606. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4525-5. View

14.

Teo J, Seo Y, Ko E, Leong J, Hong Y, Yang Y . Surface tethering of stem cells with HO-responsive anti-oxidizing colloidal particles for protection against oxidation-induced death. Biomaterials. 2019; 201:1-15. PMC: 6430641. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.039. View

15.

Chen L, Hong W, Ren W, Xu T, Qian Z, He Z . Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021; 6(1):225. PMC: 8182741. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00631-2. View

16.

Don T, Lu K, Lin L, Hsu C, Wu J, Mi F . Temperature/pH/Enzyme Triple-Responsive Cationic Protein/PAA-b-PNIPAAm Nanogels for Controlled Anticancer Drug and Photosensitizer Delivery against Multidrug Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm. 2017; 14(12):4648-4660. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00737. View

17.

Xu H, Cao W, Zhang X . Selenium-containing polymers: promising biomaterials for controlled release and enzyme mimics. Acc Chem Res. 2013; 46(7):1647-58. DOI: 10.1021/ar4000339. View

18.

Karimi M, Zangabad P, Ghasemi A, Amiri M, Bahrami M, Malekzad H . Temperature-Responsive Smart Nanocarriers for Delivery Of Therapeutic Agents: Applications and Recent Advances. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8(33):21107-33. PMC: 5003094. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00371. View

19.

Rejinold N, Sreerekha P, Chennazhi K, Nair S, Jayakumar R . Biocompatible, biodegradable and thermo-sensitive chitosan-g-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) nanocarrier for curcumin drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol. 2011; 49(2):161-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.008. View

20.

Tayier B, Deng Z, Wang Y, Wang W, Mu Y, Yan F . Biosynthetic nanobubbles for targeted gene delivery by focused ultrasound. Nanoscale. 2019; 11(31):14757-14768. DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03402a. View