Extracellular Vesicles of the Liver Fluke Stimulate the Angiogenesis of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The liver fluke is a clinically important food-borne parasite of humans. Infection with in mammals is associated with liver morbidities such as periductal fibrosis, bile duct neoplasia, and chronic inflammation. Previously we have shown that excretory-secretory products (ESP) can stimulate the healing of skin wounds in mice, which may be due to stimulated angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, there are no studies analyzing the angiogenic character of , and its effects on angiogenesis, vascularity, and vascular endothelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of ESP and extracellular vesicles (EVs) of to stimulate angiogenesis and the formation of pseudo-capillaries We also aimed at the assessment of the angiogenesis during the infection , and estimation of the endothelial cell type abundances from heterogeneous bulk liver transcriptome between uninfected and infected animals with single-cell information. The study revealed significant alterations in vascularity in the hamster liver and significant involvement of portal endothelial cells at the transcriptome level. We also demonstrated that the ESP and EVs of have the capacity to stimulate the formation of pseudo-capillaries . Both ESP and EVs appeared to have similar effects on all four parameters, increasing node formation and total master segments length, and significantly decreasing total isolated branches length and number of isolated segments of pseudo-capillaries. The liver flukes manipulate the host's angiogenic response, a fact that has been related to the pathogenesis caused by these parasites. Understanding these pathogenic mechanisms may uncover new therapeutic targets to relieve or prevent the most severe complications of opisthorchiasis.